• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.1312-1326
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine whether the 12-week Nordic walking can improve the physical function and arthritis pain of elderly women with osteoarthritis This study were divided into randomly assigned Nordic Walking Exercise Group (n=9) and Control Group (n=7) for 16 Elderly women diagnosed with Osteoarthritis (age: 73±3.79 year, height: 154.3±4.09 cm). The exercise group used Nordic sticks to carry out 30 minutes of Nordic walking exercise three times a week for 12 weeks, and the kinetic intensity was set at 40-60% of HRR. The control group maintained daily life for the same period. Body composition (weight, percentage body fat, skeletal muscle mass), muscular strength, Flexibility (muscular strength of upper and lower limbs, flexibility of upper and lower limbs), balance ability (static balance, dynamic balance) and pain level were measured as subordinate variables. These indicators were measured twice before and after the exercise program. The study shows that percentage body fat and skeletal muscle mass in the body composition function over 12 weeks of Nordic walking exercise have significant effects after the exercise than before (p=004)(p=.003), and it also shows significant interaction effects between the groups and timings(p=.018)(p=.005). In muscular strength, Flexibility factors, there were significant effects between the groups and timings in the upper limb muscular strength and the lower limb flexibility (p=.009)(p=.036), and a significant difference between the exercise group and the control group(p=.006) in the lower limb muscular strength. In addition, in the upper limb flexibility, there was a more significant difference after the exercise than before(p=.020). There were improvement effects after the exercise than before in the balance ability and the static balance(p=.016), but no difference in the dynamic balance(p>.05). In pain, there was a significant improvement after the exercise than before(p=.022), and a significant difference between the exercise group and the control group(p=.013). In conclusion, the 12-week Nordic walking exercise has positive effects on the body composition functions of the elderly women with Osteoarthritis, and has a positive effect on the improvement of upper limb muscular strength and lower limb flexibility in the health fitness factors. These effects are believed to have contributed effectively to the improvement of the level of pain by contributing to the improvement of physical and motor functions of the elderly women with Osteoarthritis. Therefore, it is considered that Nordic walking exercise, which enhances stability and balance of the patients with Osteoarthritis by using poles, is an effective exercise method for the improvement of the body and motor functions by lowering the pain of the joints and reducing the muscular strength and percentage body fat.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.49-52
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• 2017

Purpose - To improve and strengthen existing publication and research ethics, KODISA has identified and presented various cases which have violated publication and research ethics and principles in recent years. The editorial office of KODISA has been providing and continues to provide advice and feedback on publication ethics to researchers during peer review and editorial decision making process. Providing advice and feedback on publication ethics will ensure researchers to have an opportunity to correct their mistakes or make appropriate decisions and avoid any violations in research ethics. The purpose of this paper is to identify different cases of ethical violation in research and inform and educate researchers to avoid any violations in publication and research ethics. Furthermore, this article will demonstrate how KODISA journals identify and penalize ethical violations and strengthens its publication ethics and practices. Research design, data and methodology - This paper examines different types of ethical violation in publication and research ethics. The paper identifies and analyzes all ethical violations in research and combines them into five general categories. Those five general types of ethical violations are thoroughly examined and discussed. Results - Ethical violations of research occur in various forms at regular intervals; in other words, unethical researchers tend to commit different types of ethical violations repeatedly at same time. The five categories of ethical violation in research are as follows: (1) Arbitrary changes or additions in author(s) happen frequently in thesis/dissertation related publications. (2) Self plagiarism, submitting same work or mixture of previous works with or without using proper citations, also occurs frequently, but the most common type of plagiarism is changing the statistical results and using them to present as the results of the empirical analysis; (3) Translation plagiarism, another ethical violation in publication, is difficult to detect but occurs frequently; (4) Fabrication of data or statistical analysis also occurs frequently. KODISA requires authors to submit the results of the empirical analysis of the paper (the output of the statistical program) to prevent this type of ethical violation; (5) Mashup or aggregator plagiarism, submitting a mix of several different works with or without proper citations without alterations, is very difficult to detect, and KODISA journals consider this type of plagiarism as the worst ethical violation. Conclusions - There are some individual cases of ethical violation in research and publication that could not be included in the five categories presented throughout the paper. KODISA and its editorial office should continue to develop, revise, and strengthen their publication ethics, to learn and share different ways to detect any ethical violations in research and publication, to train and educate its editorial members and researchers, and to analyze and share different cases of ethical violations with the scholarly community.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2016

Pectin, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, has in recent years attracted considerable attention. Its benefits are increasingly appreciated by scientists and consumers due to its safety and usefulness. The chemistry and gel-forming characteristics of pectin have enabled to be used in pharmaceutical industry, health promotion and treatment. Yet, it has been rarely used in cosmetics because of its incompatibility with many cosmetic ingredients, including alcohols, and unstable viscosity of pectin gels under various pH and salt conditions. However, low-molecular-weight pectin oligomers have excellent biological activities, and depolymerization of pectin to produce cosmetic ingredients would be very useful. In this study, we attempted the development of cosmetic ingredients using pectin with an excellent effect on human skin. We developed a bio-conversion process that uses enzymatic hydrolysis to produce pectin hydrolysates containing mainly low-molecular-weight pectin oligomers. Gel permeation chromatography was used to determined the ratio of hydrolysis. The molecular weight of the pectin hydrolysates obtained varied between 200 and 2,700 Da. The two newly developed low-molecular-weight pectin hydrolysates, LMPH A and B, had higher anti-oxidative activities than pectin or D-galacturonic. Exposure to UVB radiation induces apoptotic cell death in epidermal cells. Annexin V binding and propidium iodide uptake were measured by flow cytometry to evaluate UVB-induced cell death in HaCaT cells. Both LMPH A and B reduced UVB-induced cell death and increased cell proliferation by 22% and 30% at 0.5% concentration respectively, while pectin had no significant activity. In conclusion, this study suggests that the newly developed low-molecular-weight pectin hydrolysates can be used as safe and biologically active cosmetic ingredients.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.303-313
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• 1997

Disease depends on the three factors, agent, host and environment. According to history of disease, by early 1900s the case of deaths is infectious disease, in late 1900s care of infectious diseases and tremendous scale of chronic disease, i.e., heart disease, diabetes, cancers and etc, makes care of chronic diseases be a most important theme. Now, life-style of diet is being westernized and in high industry-oriented society, obesity makes attack fate remarkably increase and life-expectancy become short, so that it causes severe problem of health. Chronic disease, such as obesity, is not affected by specific agent, but depends of interaction between host and environmental factors. There is the theory of constitutional medicine in Korean Medicine. According to it, all the people have constitutional specificity and disease. Because obesity is a kind of disease, there is the corresponding constituent being apt to be fat. Oriental Medicine utilizes herb-medication, acupuncture, and massage-therapy in treating obesity. Therefore study on relationship between constituent and obesity for OPD patients of Sangji-Oriental Medicine Hospital is carried out. The results are summarized as followings. 1. 70.2% of obesity patients are Taeumin(太陰人), 26.9% of those are Soyangin(少陽人), 2.9% of thoese are Soeumin(少陰人). 2. Most cases, high value of Free Fat Acid and Triglyceride not that of Total Cholesterol and Low Density Lipoprptein is meaningful in obesity patient blood. The corelationship between lipid test and Constitution is meaningful in Triglyceride and Free Fatty Acid. 3. Obesity is not related with gene. 4. Obesity is not related with Boyak(Herb-Med : 補藥). 5. Obesity mostly happens after delivery, contraception and operation. 6. Obese Patients are apt to eat between meals, especially food of wheat flour such as a snack. 7. The aim of treating obesity is not persuit of beauty but of keeping healthy. 8. 2.2Kg of body weight is lost after 4 week-treatment. 9. Common cause of obesity is overeating of carbohydrate and lipid than meat.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.119-122
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• 2013

Pollens have been known to possess various biological properties. Therefore, pollens have been extensively used in functional food, folk medicine, and beverage industry to improve human health. This study was conducted to establish the optimized protocol for cytoplasm isolation of bee pollen. Data of biochemical parameters and fatty acid profiles were obtained from pollens of Acorn and Darae(Actinidia arguta). Contents of crude protein and crude fat were 24.1% and 11.8% in Acorn pollen, and those of Darae pollen showed 35.8% and 8.7% in crude protein and crude fat respectively. Also after lyophilizing of Acorn pollen, content of crude protein was increased to 26.5%. Main fatty acids were palmitic acid(C16 : 0), oleic acid(C18 : 1), linoleic acid(C18 : 2) and linolenic acid(C18 : 3) in bee pollen. Linoleic acid(37.3%) was dominant fatty acid in Acorn pollen that is one of essential fatty acids. Linolenic acid(48.3%) was dominant fatty acid in Darae pollen that is a polyunsaturated fatty acid. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids to total acid content was 73.2% in Acorn and 63.2% in Darae pollen, and especially that of polyunsaturated fatty acids was higher than 55%.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.215-236
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• 2016

This paper is related to a study on safety management of cosmic radiation in the aviation area, and as a comprehensive study encompassing not only aviation crew but also aviation traffic users, presents issues on an exposure to the cosmic radiation which authors predict may be intensified in a time to come. Although the government of the Republic of Korea has recently activated regulations related to the cosmic radiation, the following improvement measures are further urged to be carried out not only as a regulatory improvement for pushing ahead with effectiveness but also as a supplementary tool. Firstly, a dose limit corresponding to the international standard needs to be applied. Since the dose limit imposed by the Korean government is improperly higher than the international dose limit of the cosmic radiation, the present dose limit needs to be re-established in a range of "not exceeding the international recommendation". Secondly, a new methodology is needed such that aviation companies observe a yearly effective dose limit of passengers. A fact that only aviation crew is specified but passengers are excluded in the related regulation is based on a recommendation presented by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). According to the recommendation, Korean government excluded passengers in the "Cosmic Radiation Safety Requirements for Crew". Among the present aviation regulations, there exists a protection standard for protecting aviation traffic users. However, it presents a damage protection only for ticket-related issues. Since this regulatory weakness provides a cause of endangering national health, the authors believe that an improvement in the regulation is needed without sticking to the recommendation from the ICRP. To this end, new regulations are strongly demanded from aspects of not only legal but also regulatory areas. The dose limit in accordance with the international standard is established. However, at least a minute amount of cosmic radiation is continuously acting on all people of Korea. Since more and higher level of cosmic ration may exist in the aviation space, an improved method of representing the minute amount of cosmic radiation in figures. As a result, a desirable regulation may be established for protecting not only crew but also aviation traffic users from being exposed to the cosmic radiation via a legislation of the desirable regulation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.1049-1057
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to microbiologically evaluate common foods and preparation processes in three large (over 100 pyeong) western-style restaurants in Daegu. Microbiological testing was conducted for pathogens including E. coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli O157:H7, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Bacillus cereus, as well as total plate count and coliforms. Food samples selected for testing represent common menu items and preparation processes. These samples included: 1) hamburger steak (cooking process), 2) mashed potatoes (reheating process), and 3) salad (non-heating process). The results showed that E. coli and S. aureus were detected in the raw ground beef used to prepare hamburger steak, but they were not detected after cooking at $82{\sim}86^{\circ}C$, 10 min. Microbiological quality of the mashed potatoes was better after reheating than during storage in a refrigerator after cooking. Total plate count and coliforms increased, and E. coli was detected in the salad ingredients stored in the refrigerator before serving. In order to serve foods of good microbiological safety and quality in western-style restaurants, standard cooking and reheating temperatures must be maintained during the cooking and reheating processes, and sanitation standard operating procedures must be followed for washing and storage of non-heated and refrigerated menu items.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.52-79
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• 2002

The hospital is characterized by it's remarkable labor industry and human resources input by unit. Recently, the administrative personnel are recognized as an important staff to provide a hospital guidance to consumer and also easiness for consumer's visit to hospital. The purpose of this study is to find the organizational effectiveness of the administrative personnel in hospitals. The survey data involved in the study was derived from 229 personnels working in 3 medium and small sized hospitals and 1 university hospital in Inchon area. The major finding are as follows; 1. The organizational efficiency in accordance with the general characteristics of subjects in order of over 31 years of age, university graduates, long-term tenure and high position is higher, whereas, in as much as wage and well trained personnels in are higher, general hospital's organizational efficiency is higher in comparison with those of university hospital. 2. The organizational efficiency in accordance with satisfaction and the psychological motive contributional factors is higher as much as the high satisfactory level in every hospitals in general. 3. The organizational efficiency in accordance with the factors of job characteristics is higher in as much as difficulty of the jobs is lesser, however there was not statically significance. In as much as job standard level is higher and the more job responsibility the higher organizational efficiency. It was obvious that the higher professional expertise as well as the training and application level are improving the organizational efficiency. 4. The organizational efficiency in accordance with the factors of structural characteristics was higher in as much as the intercommunication was smooth and the structural formalization level are higher, however there was not statically significance between the participation level of decision making and the organizational efficiency. 5. In as much as older age, management of organization and the job level are satisfied, the higher structural formalization level, the smooth intercommunication have affected as major influence factors of organizational efficiency. 6. In the university hospitals is satisfied in the management and job level of hospital organization as there are no difficult jobs while the level of hospital's organizational formality is high and the intercommunication is smooth, which are improving the organizational efficiency. In the general hospitals is also satisfied the management and job level of hospital organization and psychological motive contributional factors is higher, it was apparent that the organizational efficiency is higher in as much as the level of job standardization is high and the intercommunication is smooth. As a result of this study, in order for improving the organizational efficiency of administrative personnel in hospitals, the management and job level as well as personal relation are preferably satisfied, whereas formalization of organization, intercommunication and etc. should be satisfied, and, therefore, it is advisable to buildup discriminated organizational management and environment for different division on the basis above factors. Since this study is carried on four hospitals in Inchon area, there is a certain limit to generalize its result to all domestic hospitals, nevertheless the gallop poll was made by developing the questionnaires with reasonability and reliability. Especially. as the study was carried by analyzing the comparison of influence factors' difference of organizational efficiency in accordance with the divisional characteristics of the university and general hospitals.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent of excessive sugar, sodium, cholesterol, and saturated fat consumptions by elementary school students through processed food's intake. A survey study was conducted with 384 fourth and sixth grade students and their mothers from two schools in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. The data were analyzed for the frequency analysis, chi-square test and Pearson correlation using the SPSS/Windows (ver. 15.0). Results showed that students consumed high amounts of sugars through processed milk and carbonated beverages, and yogurt. Additionally, they had high sodium and saturated fat levels in their diet through Ramen. There was significant correlation (p<0.01) between mothers' purchasing and students' intake of processed food. Overall, both students and mothers had some knowledge on the impact of sodium on human health. About 50 percent of the respondents did not have accurate information about cholesterol, saturated fat, and trans fat. More than 50 percent of students and mothers had no nutritional education on the risk of excessive intake of sugar, sodium, cholesterol, saturated fat, and trans fat. Top twenty percent of the students had 39.7 g of sugar, 940.1 mg of sodium, 17.8 mg of cholesterol, and 11.2 g of saturated fat through processed foods per day on the average. These results suggest that execution of nutritional education about processed food is needed for high risk group of elementary school students and their mothers. Moreover, government must enact the regulation and policy for the food industry to reduce the risky nutrients from children's favorite processed food.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.221-226
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• 2013

This study aimed to examine the antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibitory, and anti-proliferative activities (A549, G361, HT-29, and MDA-MB-231) of fermented gochujang (made from sword bean cheonggukjang powder (SBC) for 90 days. Gochujang was prepared by adding 0 (SBC 0), 2 (SBC 2), 5 (SBC 5), 8 (SBC 8) and 10% (SBC 10) levels with SBC, and all experiments were measured at diluted levels of 20, 50 and 100 times. The antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibitory effect demonstrated that SBC 10 increased approximately 1.2 and 1.1 times compared with SBC 0, respectively, at diluted levels of 50 and 100 times. The anti-proliferative effects of A549, G361, and HT-29 presented that SBC 10 were 2.8, 1.1, and 8.9 times higher compared with SBC 0, respectively, at diluted levels of 50, 20, and 100 times. In the case of MDA-MB-231, SBC 10 was 3.7 times higher compared with SBC 5 at diluted level of 20 times. As a result, we confirmed that SBC gochujang was improved for physiological activities and anti-proliferative effects.