• 농약과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.48-54
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• 2011

국내 주요 6대 하천수역 내 농약 성수기에 검출된 농약의 검출수준을 조사하였고, 수서 생물 3종(조류, 물벼룩, 어류)의 농약 노출에 따른 위해 기능성을 위해 지수(HQ indexes)에 의해 평가하였다. 총 40지점의 모니터링을 실시한 결과, 검출농약은 살균제isoprothiolane, hexaconazole, 살충제 diazinon, chlorpyrifos, prothiofos, 제초제 alachlor, butachlor, molinate의 총 8종으로 확인되었다. 그 중 isoprothiolane이 67.5%의 높은 빈도로 검출되었고, 그 이외의 농약은 15~37.5% 범위의 검출빈도를 나타내었다. 검출빈도는 butachlor >, prothiofos >, ch1orpyrifos >, hexaconazole, molinate > diazinon, alachlor순으로 조사되었다. 전 하천수역에서 수서 생물 3종(조류, 물벼룩, 어류)에 대한 위해 지수가 1.0을 초과하지 않았기 때문에 수 생태계에 대한 위해 가능성이 없는 것으로 평가되었다. 주요 하천수역 내 수서 생물의 위해 가능성에 대한 각 검출 농약의 상대적인 기여도를 평가한 결과, 수서 생물 종별로 다양하게 나타났다. 조류는 butachlor와 molinate성분에 의해, 물벼룩은 chlorpyrifos, diazinon, prothiofos 성분에 의해, 어류는 chlorpyrifos성분에 의해 위해 지수의 기여도가 높게 조사되었다. 본 연구결과는 하천 수계별 농약관리의 우선순위를 선정하는 데 있어 필수자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.37-49
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• 2021

There is domestic Soil Contamination Warning Standard (SCWS) as remediation standard concentration of contaminated soils. No risk should be observed at soil concentration less than SCWS. Therefore, SCWS was evaluated to confirm the risk assessment. Background Concentration of Soil (BGC) and target remediation concentration were also assessed. The results show that Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) of SCWS was the highest in the groundwater intake pathway (Adult: 6.27E-04, Child: 2.81E-04). Total Cancer Risk (TCR) was 7.76E-04 and 4.30E-04 for adult and child, exceeding reference value (10^-6). Hazard Quotient (Non-Carcinogenic Risk, HQ) was the highest in the indoor air inhalation pathway (Adult: 3.64E+03, Child: 8.74E+02). Hazard Index (Total Non-Carcinogenic Risk, HI) exceeded reference value 1. ECR of the BGC was the highest in the groundwater intake pathway (Adult: 1.71E-04, Child: 7.67E-05). TCR was 2.12E-04 for adults and 1.17E-04 for children, exceeding the reference value (10^-6). HQ was the highest in groundwater intake pathway (Adult: 4.10E-01, Child: 1.84E-01). HI was lower than reference value 1 (Adult: 4.78E-01, Child: 2.50E-01). The heavy metal affecting ECR was Arsenic (As). The remediation-concentration of As was 7.14 mg/kg which is higher than BGC (6.83 mg/kg). TCR of As should be less than reference value (10^-6), but it was higher for all of SCWS, BGC and target remediation concentration. Therefore, it is suggested that risk assessment factors should be re-evaluated to fit domestic environmental settings and SCWS should be induced to satisfy the risk assessment.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.196-203
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess environmental risk on the emerging contaminants of concern, such as ivermetin, parziquantel, tamiflu and triclosan. Furthermore, we tried to provide a more efficient management practice and a basis for future studies of risk assessment on those substances. Methods: Predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) and predicted environmental concentration (PEC) were determined through modeling and literature reviews. Environmental risk assessment was evaluated by calculating HQ (hazard quotient) by a comparison of PEC (or measured environmental concentration (MEC)) and PNEC. Results: HQ value of tamiflu calculated from MEC was 1.9E-03. For ivermectin and triclosan, the HQ values were not available because these were not detected in the aquatic environment. The toxicity of ivermectin and triclosan showed a very low value, indicating a high level of HQ. However, praziquantel can be categorized into the material that do not require management since they have less than HQ 1. Conclusion: Based on the results of the initial risk assessment, it is assumed that the ivermectin and triclosan have potential to cause direct adverse effects on the aquatic environment. To conduct an accurate environmental risk assessment, the further study on PEC estimation of such contaminants should be actively carried out.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.440-445
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• 2006

통증경감을 위하여 광범위하게 사용되는 acetoaminophen은 치통, 두통에 주로 사용되는 의약물질이다. 의약품의 환경오염과 관련하여 수자원에 유입되는 acetaminophen의 경안천 오염정도를 파악하고 생태 위해성을 평가하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 한강 수계이며 용인시와 광주시를 거쳐 팔당호로 흘러 들어가는 경안천(해실교, 수포교, 왕산교, 경안교, 지월교, 광동교, 팔당호)내 acetaminophen 잔류 농도와 분포를 조사하였다. 또한 Daphnia magna를 대상으로 48시간 급성독성평가를 실시하여 위해도를 평가하였다. 잔류의약품 검출을 위해 SPE 추출법을 선택 하였으며, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)를 이용하여 분석하였다. 경안천 내에서 acetaminophen 0.439 mg/l이 검출되었다. 독성평가를 실시한 결과, 48시간 $LC_{50}$은 16.9 mg/l로 나타났다. 경안천의 acetamionophen 농도와 독성평가를 바탕으로 위해성 평가를 실시한 결과 위해성은 1 이하였다 하지만 국내에 의약품 발달과 함께 사용이 계속적으로 늘어나는 추세이고, 잔류의약품에 대한 대책이 마련되어있지 않은 이상 수환경은 의약품에 노출될 것이다. 그러므로 잔류의약품이 생태계에 악영향을 미치지 않도록 구체적인 방안이 강구되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.178-186
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• 2014

Background: This study was conducted to assess health risks in regard to exposure by children to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in children's products. Methods: Ten VOCs were measured by head-space gas chromatography in children's products, including toys, oil pastels, sign pens, furniture, ball pools, and playmats. We estimated the average daily dose (ADD) via inhalation during the use of these children's products and calculated hazard quotient (HQ) by dividing ADD by reference dose of VOCs. Results: Among the measured VOCs, five compounds were identified in children's products: benzene, ethylbenzene, styrene, toluene, and xylene. The detection rates of VOCs in toys, ball pools, furniture, playmats, sign pens, and oil pastels were 85%, 100%, 100%, 30%, 100%, and 60%, respectively. The maximum levels of VOCs were 0.18 mg benzene/kg in toys, 5.92 mg toluene/kg in playmats, 10.37 mg ethylbenzene/kg in ball pools, 24.85 mg xylene/kg in toys, and 118.29 mg styrene/kg in ball pools. From exposure levels of VOCs in the children's products HQs were calculated within a range of $5.71{\times}10^{-10}$ to $4.77{\times}10^{-4}$. The HQ of xylene was the highest for children aged 0-6 playing on the playmats. However, the HQ via inhalation exposure to VOCs in individual products did not exceed 1.00. Conclusion: Based on the results, it was concluded that the use of these children's products do not pose health risks to children.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.584-588
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• 2016

The current study was carried out to investigate total and inorganic arsenic (As) concentrations in 112 rice samples (husked rice and polished rice) grown around the abandoned mining areas and to estimate the potential health risk through dietary intake of rice in Korea. Mean concentrations of total As in husked rice and polished rice were 0.23 and $0.13mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Also, average inorganic As concentrations in husked rice and polished rice were 0.09 and $0.05mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. These levels are lower than the standard guideline value ($0.2mg\;kg^{-1}$) for inorganic As in polished rice recommended by Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety and Codex. For health risk assessment, the average values of cancer risk probability was $5.7{\times}10^{-5}$ which was less than the acceptable cancer risk of $10^{-6}{\sim}10^{-4}$ for regulatory purpose. Also, hazard quotient values were lower than 1.0. Therefore, these results demonstrated that human exposure to inorganic As through dietary intake of rice collected from abandoned mining areas might not cause adverse health effects.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.356-365
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• 2021

Background: Concerns have been raised regarding the criteria of groundwater, in particular in Gwangwon-do Province where many residents drink groundwater due to the poor supply of tap water and a high nonconformity rate with water quality criteria nationwide. Objectives: Water quality monitoring and risk assessment were conducted for groundwater in Hoengseong, Gangwon-do Province. Methods: A total of 46 items required for meeting drinking water criteria were analyzed from 258 samples collected from March 2017 through August 2018 (152 sites in 2017 and 106 sites in 2018). Risk assessment was conducted for two non-carcinogens (F^- and NO₃-N), and one carcinogen (i.e., arsenic) based on their high nonconformity to water quality criteria. Results: Water quality analysis revealed that the total proportion of nonconformities was determined to be 27.9%. The nonconformity rate for each content item is as follows: total colony counts (1.6%), total coliform (6.2%), Escherichia coli (1.2%), F^- (8.1%), arsenic (4.7%), NO₃-N (8.1%), pH (1.2%), manganese (0.4%), and turbidity (5.8%). Risk assessment indicated that fluoride induced a hazard quotient greater than 1 with the 95% UCL (Upper Confidence Limit) concentration of the total 258 sites and average, median, and 95% UCL concentrations of nonconformity sites. For NO₃-N, there was no human health risk. For arsenic, the excess cancer risk exceeded the acceptable cancer risk of 1×10^-6 with the average and 95% UCL concentrations of total 258 sites and average, median, and 95% UCL concentrations of nonconformity sites. Conclusions: This study suggests that it is necessary to expand water quality monitoring of groundwater and conduct a more detailed risk assessment in order to establish a health care plan for the residents of Hoengseong, Gangwon-do Province.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.514-523
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• 2022

Concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were measured in seawater, sediment, and biota collected from Gunsan coast, Korea to investigate their occurrence, distribution, and risk of exposure to humans through seafood consumption. The total concentrations of PFASs in seawater, sediment, and biota ranged from 5.97 to 74.9 ng/L, 0.01 to 13.3 ng/g dry weight, and 0.02 to 5.73 ng/g wet weight, respectively. Predominant PFAS compounds differed across matrices, indicating that the distribution of PFASs in multiple environmental samples is governed by their carbon-chain length. The concentrations of PFASs in seawater were significantly negatively correlated with salinity (P<0.01), suggesting terrestrial input (including land-used PFASs) as the major source of PFAS contamination in coastal environments. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) through seafood consumption were 0.05 and 0.06 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively. The EDIs of PFOA and PFOS measured in this study were lower those the proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and Canada guidelines, indicating limited health risk for Korean population from PFASs through consumption of seafood from Gunsan coastal environment.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2011

국내 15 지점의 폐광산 주변 지역에서 재배 생산된 백미 중 총 비소 오염도를 조사하였고, 연령과 성별에 따른 평균일 일노출량(ADD)을 산정하여 발암위해확률 및 비발암독성영향을 평가하였다. 광산 인근에서 재배 생산된 백미 중 총 비소의 평균 농도는 0.09 mg/kg으로 조사되었다. ADD값은 총 비소 함량에 무기 비소의 비율을 고려하여 산정하였으며, FAO/WHO에서 정한 2.1 ${\mu}g/kg$ b.w.-day의 PTDI 값을 초과하지 않았다. 그러나 광산 지역 인근에서 재배한 백미를 섭취했을 경우, 연령 및 성별 인구집단의 발암위해확률은 허용수준인 $10^{-6}{\sim}10^{-4}$ 범위를 초과하였고, 특히 6세 이하 유아의 경우 평균 10,000 명당 5인 이상의 높은 발암위해확률이 있는 것으로 산정되었다. 비발암독성위험값 (HQ)은 모든 연령 및 성별 인구집단에서 1.0을 초과하지 않았으며, 따라서 폐광산 주변 지역에서 재배 생산된 백미를 장기간 섭취하더라도 비소에 의한 인체 독성이 나타날 가능성은 없는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2020

Objectives: This study intends to evaluate the ecological risk of lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and their compounds according to the 2010 action plan on inventory and management for national priority chemicals and provide calculations of risks to the environment. By doing so, we aim to inform risk management measures for the target chemicals. Methods: We conducted species sensitivity distribution (SSD) analysis using the collected ecotoxicity data and obtained predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) for the in-water environment using a hazardous concentration of 5% (HC5) protective of most species (95%) in the environment. Based on the calculated PNECs for aquatic organisms, PNEC values for soil and sediment were calculated using the partition coefficient. We also calculated predicted exposure concentration (PEC) from nation-wide environmental monitoring data and then the hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated using PNEC for environmental media. Results: Ecological toxicity data was categorized into five groups and five species for Pb and four groups and four species for As. Based on the HC5 values from SSD analysis, the PNEC value for aquatic organisms was calculated as 0.40 ㎍/L for Pb and 0.13 ㎍/L for As. PNEC values for soil and sediment calculated using a partition coefficient were 77.36 and 350.50 mg/kg for Pb and 24.20 and 112.75 mg/kg for As. The analysis of national environmental monitoring data showed that PEC values in water were 0.284 ㎍/L for Pb and 0.024 ㎍/L for As, while those in soil and sediment were respectively 45.9 and 44 mg/kg for Pb, and 11.40 and 19.80 mg/kg for As. Conclusions: HQs of Pb and As were 0.70 and 0.18 in water, while those in soil and sediment were 0.59 and 0.13 for Pb and 0.47 and 0.18 for As. With HQs <1 of lead and arsenic in the environment, their ecological risk levels are found to be low.