• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• no.6
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• pp.199-217
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• 2000

Relative pronoun that is one of the important relative pronouns but we have an impression that its scope of use has been somewhat narrowed. In the light of history of relative pronouns relative pronoun toot has the longest history of all relative pronouns and it was widely used even in Middle English and early Modem English. On The other hand, we can see that the relative use of that has been gradually weakened as the relative pronouns who and which has expanded their scope of use. It is quite natural that the scope of use of toot as a relative pronoun has been narrowed as who is mainly used in referring to person and which is mainly used in referring to things. And we can note that that is used only in restrictive clauses, not in nonrestrictive clauses, for that has a strong characteristics of relative conjunction in comparing with who and which. That as a relative pronoun still has its own weight because it can take an antecedent referring to person and thing. In particular, it is general tendency that who is used more frequently than that in the case of referring that it is not adequate for that to refer to things. In contrast, who has an advantage over that because the former originally refers only to person.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.2470-2491
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• 2018

Web-scale open information extraction (Open IE) plays an important role in NLP tasks like acquiring common-sense knowledge, learning selectional preferences and automatic text understanding. A large number of Open IE approaches have been proposed in the last decade, and the majority of these approaches are based on supervised learning or dependency parsing. In this paper, we present a novel method for web scale open information extraction, which employs cosine distance based on Google word vector as the confidence score of the extraction. The proposed method is a purely unsupervised learning algorithm without requiring any hand-labeled training data or dependency parse features. We also present the mathematically rigorous proof for the new method with Bayes Inference and Artificial Neural Network theory. It turns out that the proposed algorithm is equivalent to Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the joint probability distribution over the elements of the candidate extraction. The proof itself also theoretically suggests a typical usage of word vector for other NLP tasks. Experiments show that the distance-based method leads to further improvements over the newly presented Open IE systems on three benchmark datasets, in terms of effectiveness and efficiency.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.3 no.1 s.5
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• pp.45-54
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• 1995

The relational data model is based on mathematical concept of relations and is well formulated, and so there have been numerous practical applications and studies. However, it is not suitable for representing a complex hierarchical structure, which is the characteristic of most geographical objects. On the other hand, the object-oriented data model can naturally represent a complex hierarchical structure, but there is a difficulty in sharing data with the relational data model which is currently used by most commercial GIS users. Also it has no standard query language with standardized format. In this paper, we propose an Object Grouping based on RDBMS to use data from a traditional relational data model while supporting various concepts of the object-oriented data model, and we applied this data model to design a GIS.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.207-214
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• 2003

The reason why rhetoric is important to a moving image is that a moving image communicates through non-verbal communication language. At first, rhetoric in a moving image functions to be persuasive in the story of a moving image. Second, rhetoric works to enhance an aesthetic value for a moving image. Thus we feel good when we are watching a moving image with well embeded rhetoric. On the other hand, we see extened rhetoric to enhance an imaginary because of a hollywood movie with visual effect and a digital movie. Visual images now formed using more signigier compared to signified for signification. Also we see that every signifier structured metaphorically to function as a sign. In this paper, 1 am going to explain the principles of rhetoric applied to a moving image so that we can better understand a signification on visual image.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.31-45
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• 2014

The book Su Hak Ip Mun(數學入門, Introduction to Mathematics) is one part of 5 sections of the book Seung Aeh Ill Chan(升厓日簒), which is a hand written manuscript in Chinese characters and the author and the date of writing is unknown. The book Seung Aeh Ill Chan begins with the song of division table so called Guguiga(九歸歌). We first investigate and compare the writing pattern of this with other old Korean mathematical books. Next, we investigate typical expression and calculation methods of mathematical contents and terminologies used in Su Hak Ip Mun and also figure out oddities of writing pattern of mathematical expression and cultural circumference of several problems dealt in the book. From these analysis and investigation, we estimate the writing date of Su Hak Ip Mun later than the year 1723 on which Su Ri Jeong On(數理精蘊) was first published. And we presumably guess that Guguiga and Su Hak Ip Mun are made not for practical use or theoretical purpose but for text to teach students.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.21 no.4 s.54
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• pp.27-47
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• 2004

In this study, the experiment was made to transform the relationship among terms in a thesaurus to ontology language as search tools for multilingual text. As a result, the equivalent relationship in the thesaurus can be expressed by different ways in the ontology, such as equivalentClass, equivalentProperty, sameAS, and so on. On the other hand, the associative relationship can be represented by ObjectProperty, DatatypeProperty, and inverseOf. For this test, first of all, the descriptors assigned by AAT and the descriptors from bilingual thesaurus by ICCD were translated into Korean. Then, the facet was used for conceptual equivalence among terms from different languages. The result of the study showed that using rdf:Property in ontology was the most effective way of transforming multilingual thesaurus into ontology.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.2126-2131
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• 2005

Interactions of a humanoid with a human are important, when the humanoid is requested to provide people with human-friendly services in unknown or uncertain environment. Such interactions may require more complicated and human-like behaviors from the humanoid. In this work the arm motions of a human are discussed as the early stage of human motion imitation by a humanoid. A motion capture system is used to obtain human-friendly arm motions as references. However the captured motions may not be applied directly to the humanoid, since the differences in geometric or dynamics aspects as length, mass, degrees of freedom, and kinematics and dynamics capabilities exist between the humanoid and the human. To overcome this difficulty a method to adapt captured motions to a humanoid is developed. The geometric difference in the arm length is resolved by scaling the arm length of the humanoid with a constant. Using the scaled geometry of the humanoid the imitation of actor's arm motions is achieved by solving an inverse kinematics problem formulated using optimization. The errors between the captured trajectories of actor arms and the approximated trajectories of humanoid arms are minimized. Such dynamics capabilities of the joint motors as limits of joint position, velocity and acceleration are also imposed on the optimization problem. Two motions of one hand waiving and performing a statement in sign language are imitated by a humanoid through dynamics simulation.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.781-788
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• 1999

In this paper, an expert system is proposed, which can be effectively applied to the large-scale systems with the diversity time constraints, the objectives and the unfixed system structure. The inference scheme of the expert system have the integrated structure composed of the intuitive inference module and logical inference module in order to support effectively the operating constraints of system. The intuitive inference module is designed using the pattern matching or pattern recognition method in order to search a same or similar pattern under the fixed system structure. On the other hand, the logical inference module is designed as the structure with the multiple inference mode based on the heuristic search method in order to determine the optimal or near optimal control strategies satisfing the time constraints for system events under the unfixed system structure, and in order to use as knowledge generator. Here, inference mode consists of the best-first, the local-minimum tree, the breadth-iterative, the limited search width/time method. Finally, the application results for large-scale distribution SCADA system proves that the inference scheme of the expert system is very effective for the large-scale system. The expert system is implemented in C language for the dynamic mamory allocation method, database interface, compatability.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.448-454
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• 2010

Currently a KTX train of 20-car formation is 388m long and carries 931 passengers including one captain and three crews which is quite a few to cover the lengthy service area and many customers. On the other hand, if a passenger wants to talk to an attendant, he has to wait for an attendant passing by his/her seat or walk to an intercom which is placed at every other car. Any of these choices is inconvenient. So, in this paper, we presented a system design for developing an audio/visual communication system for a passenger and an attendant. The system was analyzed and designed according to the Object-Oriented methodology with UML (Unified Modeling Language). Based on a problem statement, a Use-case Diagram, Sequence Diagrams, Class Diagram, State Charts, collaboration Diagram were generated. The design will be used in system implementation to a HEMU-400X test train and to be tested.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.247-251
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• 1996

This paper is intended as a preliminary study on phonetic and phonological differences between Polish and Korean languages. In this paper an attempt is made to examine the most conspicious difficulties encountered by Polish learners who begin to speak Korean (and in doing so, 1 would hope that it might be of help to future learners of both languages). Since the phoneme inventory and general phonetic rules for both languages are very different, teaching and learning accurate pronunciation is extremely difficult for both the Poles and Koreans without any previous phonetic training. In the case of Polish and Korean we can see how strong and persistent the influences of the mother-tongue are on the target language. As an example I would like to discuss the basic differences between Polish and Korean consonants. The most important consonantal opposition in Polish is voice-/voicelessness (f. ex.; 〔b〕 / 〔p〕, 〔g〕 / 〔k〕) while in Korean, opposition such as voice-/voicelessness is of secondary importance. Therefore Korean speakers do not perceive the difference between Polish voiced and voiceless consonants. On the other hand, Polish speakers can not distinguish Korean lenis / fortis / aspirated consonants (f. ex.; ㅂ 〔b〕 / ㅃ 〔p〕 / ㅍ〔ph〕, ㄱ 〔g〕 / ㄲ 〔k〕 / ㅋ 〔kh〕)) opposition. The other very important factor is palatalization which is of vital importance in Polish and, because of this, Polish speakers are extremely sensitive to it. In Korean palatalization is not important phonetically and Korean speakers do not distinguish between palatalized and non-palatalized consonants. The transcription used here is based on ' The principles of the International Phonetic Association and the Korean Phonetic Alphabet ' (1981) by Hyun Bok Lee.