• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.359-365
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• 2020

This study aimed to investigate the causes of bacterial growth to prevent infection caused by ultrasound gel and gel containers in contact with patients during ultrasonography. To investigate bacterial contamination during manufacturing or storage, we cultured ultrasound gels originally supplied from three manufacturers. To analyze bacterial growth according to the lapse of time and frequency of use of the ultrasound gel container, the gel and container were cultured at regular intervals every week for 4 weeks. In addition, to determine the source of infection, the examiner's hand was inspected with hand plate and the degree of bacterial contamination was measured before the test. As a result of the study, bacteria were not detected in the gel provided at the initial supply, and in the gel and gel container used repeatedly for 4 weeks, the same bacteria residing on the skin were identified in the examiner's hand, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, Leuconostoc mesenteroid spp cremoris, Kocuria rhizophila, and etc. Separated strains were classified as those of the low- or non-pathogenicity; however, most of these strains may render fatal consequences to patients of lower level of immunity due to acquired tolerance to antibiotics. At week 1, when the number of tests was the highest, 44 colonies were identified, and at week 4, when the number of tests was the lowest, 4 colonies were identified. As r=0.994, it was found that the number of colonies increased as the number of tests increased. In conclusion, it was confirmed that the cause of the infection was not the ultrasound gel, but the examiner's hand. The ultrasound gel or gel container may be contaminated by skin flora of examiner's hands, which can cause opportunistic infection in patients with low immunity. The ultrasound gel or gel container may be contaminated by skin flora of examiner's hands, which can cause opportunistic infection in patients with low immunity. Therefore, it was confirmed that thorough hand disinfection was necessary to block healthcare-associated infections.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.74-84
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was designed to identify knowledge and performance level of infection control among oriental medical doctors and nurses and further to identify factors that may influence practice. Methods: Data were collected using the survey method. Two hundred and forty two healthcare workers (HCW) from five oriental medicine university hospitals in Korea (140 physicians and 102 nurses) completed a survey about infection control. The study was conducted from February 1 to 28, 2011. Results: The average knowledge level of infection control among HCW was $0.75{\pm}0.13$ (score range 0~1) and the average performance level of infection control was $3.16{\pm}1.05$ (score range 0~5). 'Disinfection and sterilization' were ranked the highest in both the knowledge and performance level. In the knowledge level, 'hand washing/hand hygiene' were ranked the lowest. 'Bloodstream infection prevention' was the lowest among the infection control categories in performance. Total average knowledge and performance level of nurses was significantly higher than that of the physicians. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the oriental medical doctors and nurses' knowledge and performance level of infection control differed. The education on infection control is required to oriental medical doctors and nurses and it would contribute to preventing healthcare associated infections in oriental medicine hospitals.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.213-230
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the state of infection control provided to members of Korean Dental Hygienists Association. The subjects in this study were dental hygienists who attended a symposium on July 1. 2006. after a survey was conducted, the answer sheets from 489 participants were analyzed, and the findings of the study were as follows: 1. Possession of disinfection room was being(72.7%), and person of infection control was zero(52.9%). Number of sterilizer was one(62.2%). 2. As a repetition choice, type of sterilizer was autoclave(97.9%), UV sterilizer(67.4%) and EO gas sterilizer(21.4%). As a repetition choice, infection materials was ethanol(84.1%). 3. Water tube of unit and chair was using of sterilized water(42.9%). Sterilizing of compressed air was no(69.0%). 4. Re-using of disposal was not using(62.5%), re-using disposal was suction tip(28.2%)(repetition choice) 5. In sterilization of instruments, hand-piece was every using time(28.4%), and reamer-file, bur, mirror, pincette, explorer, hand scaler and ultrasonic scaler were high in every using time. 6. Individual protection was high of using, cleaning of hands before treatment was every treatment(87.0%). Type of soap was liquid type in dental clinic(48.2%), infection soap in dental hospital(41.2%) and solid soap in public health center(50.6%). Answered that they need regular oral health education, and 82.9% respondents answered that they need oral health technicians in school. And 87.8% respondents needed individual oral health education for the benefit of better oral health.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.50-60
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• 2019

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the meanings of hands among clinical nurses. Methods : A descriptive qualitative study design was used. Participants were 1,048 nurses working in a tertiary hospital in G city. From April to May 2018, an open-ended survey on how nurses felt about their hands and what their hands meant to them was conducted. The collected data were analyzed using MAXQDA 2018 version as well as content analysis. Results : A total of 1,048 pieces of data were analyzed, and 2,094 units of analysis were categorized based on their attributes, resulting in physical, emotional, and social domains. The data in the social domain were reported in a narrative format; thus, they were analyzed using content analysis. Three themes and eight sub-themes were elicited. The three themes included "meaning as an instrument," "meaning of infection control," and "meaning of caring." Conclusion : Nurses imbue essential meanings of caring on their hands even though they face negative skin symptoms. Furthermore, nurses understand the importance of hand hygiene on infection control. The findings of this study provide an in-depth look into nurses' perceptions of their hands.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing performance of the clinical nurses about the management of nosocomial infection. Method: The data were collected using structured questionnaire from 300 clinical nurses from April 26, 2004 to May 20, 2004. The data analyzed by the SPSS (ver10.0)program, and it included descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, the Pearson correlation coefficient, stepwise multiple regression. Result: Personal hygiene management and disinfection equipment management had the higher record than other dimensions. The level of recognition for management of nosocomial infection showed positive correlation with the level of performance for management of nosocomial infection. The level of recognition for management of nosocomial infection, working period, number of hand washing, have significant effects on the degree of a performance for management of nosocomial infection. These predictive variables of the degree of a performance for management of nosocomial infection explained 17% of variance. Conclusion: It is needed to be developed for the effective management of nosocomial infection through the educational program.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.150-153
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the sap transmission pattern of CGMMV and to select the disinfectant of sap transmission on watermelon cultivation. Being investigated CGMMV occurrence change after transplanting two diseased plants among 47 plants on the watermelon house, disease spread rapidly from early growth stage of 4 % to late growth stage of 83 %. When the grafting knife and topping scissor was dipped onto the several disinfectants before grafting or topping, disease suppressed 87-95 % on whole milk, skim milk, tri-sodium phosphate, and sodium hypo-chloride solution. Disinfection effects of 88.2 % and 91.2 % on whole milk and skim milk were showed when the hand dipped on the disinfectants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.890-894
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• 2002

The accuracy of the gamma function to describe lactation curve of Yankasa ewes was investigated using milk production data obtained from 168 ewes with either complete or incomplete 84 day lactation records. Ewes were daily hand milked after over-night separation from lamb and thorough disinfection of the udder. The daily milk yield on the average was estimated from the weekly total yield. The effect of type of birth, parity, season of birth and lactation length on the components of lactation curve (a, b, c and s) were analysed by least-square procedures. All factors except parity significantly (p<0.01) influenced the curve parameters. The goodness of fit of the function did not differ between the two classes of varying duration of lactation; incomplete lactation however, showed a lower persistency and as expected lower level of production. Correlations ($r_p$) between lamb weight gain and milk yield using the weight records from lamb weighed at weekly intervals indicated a high and positive relationship in the early lactation that decreased in intensity as the lactation advanced.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.31.1-31.7
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• 2018

Despite considerable focus on the regenerative endodontic treatment of immature teeth with necrotic infected pulps and apical periodontitis, little data exist with regard to its possible implementation in necrotic permanent teeth with complete apical and radicular development. The present report describes the procedures and outcome of a regenerative endodontic treatment approach in 2 previously-traumatized incisors with closed apex with apical periodontitis. A 2-visit treatment procedure was employed. At initial visit, the root canals were copiously irrigated, followed by placement of a triple antibiotic paste containing ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and clindamycin into the root canals. After 4 weeks, the antibiotic paste was removed, and apical bleeding was initiated with size 10 hand files beyond the apices. The root canals were coronally sealed with mineral trioxide aggregate, and the access cavities were restored with bonded resin composite. At post-operative 60 months, both teeth were remained asymptomatic, with the recall radiographs showing complete resolution of apical radiolucency and reestablishment of periradicular tissues. In both teeth, the dimensions of root space remained unchanged as verified by image analysis. The revitalization protocol utilizing root canal disinfection and induced apical bleeding in necrotic, closed-apex incisors may offer a clinically acceptable alternative to conventional root canal treatment.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.141-146
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• 2023

Algal organic matters (AOMs) are challenging to remove using traditional water treatment methods. Additionally, they are recognized as disinfection by product (DBP) precursors during the chlorination process. These compounds have the potential to seriously harm aquatic creatures. Despite the fact that AOMs and DBPs formed from algae can harm aquatic species by impairing their cognitive function and causing behavioral problems, only a few studies on the effects of AOMs and associated DBPs have been conducted. To assess the impact of extracellular organic materials (EOMs) produced by three different hazardous algal species and the chlorinated EOMs on zebrafish, this study used fish acute embryo toxicity (FET) and cognitive function tests. With rising EOM concentrations, the embryo's survival rate and mental capacity both declined. Of the three algal species, the embryo exposed to Microcystis aeruginosa EOM exhibited the lowest survival rate. On the other hand, the embryo exposed to EOMs following chlorination demonstrated a drop in CT values in both the survival rate and cognitive ability. These findings imply that EOMs and EOMs treated with chlorine may have detrimental effects on aquatic life. Therefore, an effective EOM management is needed in aquatic environment.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.14 no.1_2
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• pp.35-43
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• 1999

A number of disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed as a result of the addition of chlorine into the public water supply and some of them have been suggested to cause adverse health effects on humans. However, the estimation of human ingestion exposure to each DBP has been performed simply by multiplying the concentration of a chemical in the cold tap water by the volume of water consumed during a given period of time. However, a questionnaire concerning water consumptions administered to sixty people residing in Chunchon showed that the volume of tap water consumed accounted for approximately 70% of the total volume of water consumed and that of heated water represented approximately 94% of tap water ingested. Heating durations for water-containing foods (e. g., soups and pot stews) and heated beverages (e. g., barley tea) were grouped into 10, 20, 30, and 35 minutes. Based on these time frames, an aluminum pot containing one liter of tap water was heated for the above respective time periods using a gas range to determine the variations of the concentrations of individual DBPs by heating. The pH and total residual chlorine were measured before and after heating. Collected water samples were carried to the laboratory and analyzed for eight DBPs and total organic carbon. Chloroform, bromodichloromethane, chloral hydrate, 1, 2-dichloro-2-propanone, 1, 1, 1-trichloropropanone, and dichloroacetonitrile were not detected following heating for 10 minutes and longer. The concentration of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) was elevated with heating duration, resulting in the averages of 2.0, 3.1, 4.7, and 12 times the initial concentration, respectively, for 10, 20, 30, and 35 minute heating periods. On the other hand, the concentration of trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) decreased with heating duration, with 0.65, 0.40, 0.34, and 0.19 times lower than the initial concentration. Therefore, it is suggested that ingestion exposure to DCAA increases with heating duration but that ingestion exposure to TCAA decreases. In addition, while the amount of DCAA was elevated at the initial time periods (10 or 20 minutes) and then slowly decreased, that of TCAA was rapidly decreased. In conclusion, water-heating processes during cooking influence the concentrations of individual DBPs in the tap water, with lower levels for volatile DBPs and TCAA, and higher levels for DCAA. Therefore, concentration change needs to be taken into consideration in the estimation of human ingestion exposure to DBPs.