• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.407-417
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• 1994

Present experiments were undertaken for the purpose of clarifying the effect of repeated halothane anesthesia on the liver and kidney function. Nine mongrel dogs were divided into three groups. The group one dogs were anesthesized once(control group) and the other two groups twice and trice respectively on 10th day of previous anesthesia experimental groups. Hematological examinations and blood chemical assays were undertaken during the period from one hour to 10 days after the anesthesia. From these experiments fellowing results were obtained; 1. No significant changes of erythrocyte count were recognized in both the control and experimental groups after the halothane anesthesia. 2. The total leukocyte counts of experimental groups showed significant decrease on one hour and subsequent increases after the anesthesia. 3. No significant changes were observed in SGOT, SGPT, ALP, BUN and serum glucose values in both the control and experimental groups. 4. The total serum protein values showed a tendency to decrease on the first hour of halothane anesthesia in both the control and experimental groups. From these results it may be concluded that the repeated halothane anesthesia done 10th day of previous anesthesia do not affect the liver and kidney function in dogs.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.183-187
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• 1988

Although halothane is one of the most widely used inhalation anesthetics, it may cause postanesthetic complications such as halothane hepatitis. Halothane hepatitis has been reported intermittentely with variable incidence. However it is not easy to prove halothane as a causative agent, because there are many factors causing postoperative hepatic dysfunction. The author had a case of acute hepatitis developing after open heart surgery used halothane. 37-year-old female underwent an open heart surgery for ASD repair under halothane anesthesia On the 14th postoperative day, she developed high fever of 38 C. Liver function tests showed marked elevation of SGOT, SGPT, and bilirubin, followed by gross jaundice. HB, Ag(-) and HB, Ab(+) were reported. She died of acute respiratory, hepatic, and renal failure on the 19th postoperative day Possible causes of the hepatitis were considered halothane, blood transfusion, and drugs.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.11-14
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• 1971

In an attempt to observe possible effects of ether and halothane anesthesia on the protein contents of the lung and liver of rabbits, the animal was subjected to the moderato anesthesia with either ether or halothane by non-rebreathing system for one hour, and the protein content of the lung and liver was measured by the method of Lowry et at. using Folin-phenol reagent. The comparison was made with the protein content from the normal rabbits, and the following results were obtained. l) The protein contents of the lung and liver of the normal rabbit were $45.0{\sim}11.5\;mg/gm$ wet wt. and $100.4{\sim}15.1\;mg/gm$ wet wt. respectively. 2) In the ether or halothane anesthesized group, the protein contents of the lung were $57.2{\sim}13.3\;and\;60.3{\sim}7.2$ respectively. 3) In the anesthesia groups with ether and halothane, the protein contents of the liver were $103.4{\sim}10.0\;and\;90.1{\sim}13.0$ respectively. 4) No significant difference in the protein contents of the lung and liver was observed after ether or halothane anesthesia comparing with the normal.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.315-320
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• 1994

General anesthesia is necessary to operation in dept. of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Halothane is one of the most commonly used anesthetic agent for general anesthesia because of its property of nonexplosive, inexpensive, strong activeness and chemical stability. Halothane is fluorinated hydrocarbone anesthetic agent and structurally similiar to chloroform. On the contrary halothane has been reported to result in severe hepaitc necrosis in a small number of individuals. Although the mechanism of halothane induced toxic hapatitis is unclear, it appears to be closely related to reducting metabolite, reactant intermediate product, immune reaction, hypersensitivity and so on. This is a case report of 27 years old male patient occured halothane induced hepatitis following after operation of mandible fracture.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.2087-2092
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• 2009

We performed molecular dynamics simulations on dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine lipid bilayer with 50 mol% halothane. The structural properties, electron density profile, segmental order parameter of acyl chains, headgroup orientation distribution, water dipole orientation distribution, have been examined. Overall the effects of the halothane molecules on structural properties of DMPC lipid bilayer were found to be small. The electron density profiles, the segmental order parameter, the headgroup orientation, the water dipole orientation were not affected significantly by the halothane molecules. Pressure tensor calculations shows that the lateral pressure increases at the hydrocarbon tail region and the headgroup region, and decreases at the water-headgroup interfacial region.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.491-499
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• 1999

This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of dynamic parameters, such as correlation dimension $D_2,$ by comparing spectral electroencephalographic (EEG) parameters. These parameters are used to estimate the depth of halothane anesthesia as defined by the presence of body movement in response to a tail clamp. Six rats were used and each of them was exposed to halothane sequentially at the concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% for 30 min. A tail clamp was applied every five min and the movements were recorded at each concentration level. The spectral parameters and the dynamic parameters were derived from 20-sec and 10-sec segments, respectively, from the last 5-mins of EEG recording at each concentration level. Correlation coefficients between the parameters and the movements were calculated. Standardized values of three parameters, betaL power, median power frequency (MPF), and $D_2$ were derived by calculation based on the number of animals showing the movement in response to a tail clamp. The betaL power had the largest correlation coefficient to spontaneous movement and to the response to a tail clamp than any other band parameter. MPF had a better correlation with the movement than 90% spectral edge frequency. Among the dynamic parameters, $D_2$ on the parietal cortex had a better correlation with the movement. The level of deviation and variation of standardized $D_2,$ MPF, and betaL were significant (p<0.01). The order of deviation and variation was; betaL power > MPF > $D_2.$ The correlation dimension serves as a better index for the depth of halothane anesthesia defined in forms of a response to external stimulation.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 1998

Management of children who show negative response to treatment was difficult. Usually the dentist used the restraintor sedatives for these children. Especially it is very difficult to management of definitely negative behavior patients who resist to ordinary sedative technics including psychosedation and various sedatives. These patients were managed with general anesthesia. Midazolam was used for sedation of non-cooperative pediatric patients and halothane for induce initial sleepness, If the patient shows negative response to management after 15 minutes of midazolam administration, used the halothane in 30 to 120 seconds for calm down the patient. After induce sleepness, cut off the halothane administration and maintain the sedation with $N_2O$ in 50-70 vol.% concentration. This technic reduce the toxity and untoward effects of major anesthetics. To compare the difference of sedation effect by dosage, dose of 0.2mg/kg and 0.3mg/kg were injected respectively. Though there's no statistical difference in duration and results between two dosage but show the increment of score with age, If the patients show positive response to management after midazolam administered. try to conscious sedation with nitrous oxide in 30 to 70 vo.% concentration. Nitrous oxide concentration was administered slowly according to their consciousness and response to treatment by increment or decrement. The success rate of conscious sedation were 21.2% in 0.2mg/kg and 30.3% in 0.3mg/kg. There's many factors in proceed of conscious sedation. The most important factors are age of patient and experience of children for dental care.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.344-348
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• 2001

Isoflurane and enflurane are currently used on orthognathic surgery in Korea. Since starting to use enflurane and isoflurane in orthognathic surgery, we have questioned their effect on liver function. Many studies have reported liver function after enflurane and isoflurane anesthesia. Although both enflurane and isoflurane are less hepatotoxic than halothane, some cases of liver dysfunction have been reported after enflurane and isoflurane anesthesia. And, we know that isoflurane is less hepatotoxic than its predecessors, enflurane. But, fulminant liver failure and necrosis were also reported after isoflurane anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to compare immediate liver function in healthy orthognathic surgical patients receiving enflurane or isoflurane anesthesia. To assess the effect of enflurane and isoflurane on liver function, we measured pre-and post-operative serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase(AST), and alanine aminotransferase(ALT), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), total bilirubin(Tbil).

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1238-1242
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• 2005

Shangwan(CV13), Zhongwan(CV12), Xiawan(CV10), Hefu(L14) and Taichong(LR3) which belong to Conception Vessel and stomach meridian are acupuncture points frequently used for healing gastrointestinal desease in oriental medicine. The present study was conducted to see the effects produced by combined acupuncture(A), electro-acupuncture(EA) and moxibustion using five acupoints which belongs to different meridians on serum gastrin level in rats. Electro-acupuncture (2 Hz, intensity; 10 times muscle twitch threshold) was applied for 30 minutes to Hefu(LI4), Taichong(LR3) under halothane anesthesia. Moxibustion ($1.6{\pm}0.3\;mg$, 5 times of a day) was applied during 3 days to CV10, CV12, CV13 under halothane anesthesia. Combined stimuli of acupuncture at Hefu(LI4), Taichong(LR3) and moxibustion at CV13, CV12 increased serum gastrin level significantly eventough combined simulus of moxibustion on CV 10 was not shown any change. And combined stimul of EA and moxibustion at experimental all groups were not shown any effects. These data suggest that effects of acupuncture and moxibustion are depentent with used acupoints and combination stimuli method.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.167-176
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• 2004

Objective : This study was designed to investigate the effects of electro-acupuncture(EA) and moxibustion at CV13, CV12, CV10 and ST36 serum gastin level in rats. Methods : The present study was conducted to see the effects produced by combined electro-acupuncture(EA) and moxibustion using four different acupoints on serum gastrin level in rats. Electro-acupuncture (2 Hz, intensity ; 10 times muscle twitch threshold) was applied for 30 minutes to ST36 under halothane anesthesia. Moxibustion ($1.6{\pm}0.3mg$, 5 times of a day) was applied during 3 days to CV13, CV12, CV10 under halothane anesthesia. Results : Both of EA applied to the ST 36 and Moxibustion applied to the CV10, CV12 decreased serum gastrin level significantly. And the effect of combined EA at ST36 and moxibustion at CV10 was shown stronger effect than each singular stimulus of EA at ST36 and moxibustion at CV10. These data suggest that both of EA and moxibustion at specific acupoints produce change of serum gastrin level in rats and combined EA and moxibustion was shown quite effect than each singular stimulus.