• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.73-83
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• 2015

Dendropanax morbifera Leveille (Araliaceae) is an endemic species growing in the south-western part of South Korea and has been used in folk medicine. However, the effects of Dendropanax morbifera Lev. on skin biology remain to be elucidated. In this study, we isolated 1-tetradecanol and ${\beta}$-sitosterol from the n-hexane fraction of Dendropanax mobifera Lev. and To investigate the whitening effect of the fraction, we tested the inhibition of tyrosinase activity of 1-tetradecanol. The results show that the inhibitory effect of the 1-tetradecanol was higher than water extract and n-hexane fraction. And 1-tetradecanol significantly reduced melanin contents of B16F10 cells compared to more than water extract and n-haxane fraction dose-dependantly without cell cytotoxicitiy (below $100{\mu}g/mL$). We also investigated the skin moisturizing effect using HR-1 hairless mice. The transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in the 1-tetradecanol treated group was significantly smaller than that in the other groups. To investigate the effect of the preventing hair loss by ${\beta}$-sitosterol, we observed HR-1 hairless mice through periodic growth feature. The results suggest that hair loss of mice by ${\beta}$-sitosterol was delayed and it's hair density showed the highest. These data provide evidence that Dendropanax morbifera Lev. may be a potent candidate for the improvement of both skin whitening, moisturizing and alopecia from the point of cosmetic industry view.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.366-372
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• 1985

Soil temperatures and soil physical properties were investigated in order to better understand the effects of mulchings in the red pepper field. The red pepper was planted in the lysimeter installed at the Yesan sandy loam with 20% slope and 10cm slope length. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Average soil temperatures at 10cm and 20cm depth in vinyl mulching plots were $1.6^{\circ}C$ and $1.1^{\circ}C$ higher than those of control, respectively. However, the average soil temperatures in rice straw mulching plots were relatively lower than those of control during the growing season. 2. The greatest diurnal fluctuation of soil temperature was found at the vinyl mulching plots and it was decreased with increasing soil depth. 3. The calculated thermal diffusivities were 0.011, 0.009 and $0.007cm^2/sec$ for the vinyl mulching, control and straw mulching, respectively. 4. Soil losses were 103kg/10a for the vinyl mulching and 36kg/10a for the straw mulching which were nearly negligible as compared to the control. 5. Soil physical properties such as bulk density, hardness and water content were significantly improved by the vinyl and straw mulchings.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.550-556
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• 2020

Over the past years, the role of ports in the global network of supply chains has becoming increasingly important, not merely as a physical location for loading and unloading goods, but also as an essential center of economic activity where additional value is added to cargo. Due to the overall growing importance of ports, each country has chosen to adopt hub growth as a primary economic strategy. Northeast Asia in particular, due to its high population density, experiences intense competition between its ports. Busan's port, as a result, has used the establishment of Distripark in order to attract high and stable trade volume, and compete more effectively with other ports in the region. This study estimates the unit cost of the logistic process for the all principal cargos handled at Busan New Port, with the findings revealing that unit cost increases gradually starting with chemical products, LME bulk goods, automobile parts, LME containers, general cargoes, and LME inland transportation goods coming in last. Future research will look more closely at all all categories of cargo handled in the Distrpark of Busan New Port, thereby enabling us to better understand the value created by the port, and how to best implement effective trade volume-attraction strategy.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.176-186
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• 2020

The size and shape of crops are diverse, and the growing environment is also different. Therefore, when one uses a drone to spray pesticides, the characteristics of each crop must be considered, and flight conditions such as the flight height and forwarding velocity of the drone should be changed. The droplet flow of pesticides is affected by various flight conditions, and a large change occurs in the sprayed area. As a result, an uneven distribution of liquid may be formed at the wake, and the transport efficiency will be decreased as well as there would be a risk of toxic scatter. Therefore, this paper analyzes the degree of distribution of pesticides to the crops through numerical analysis when pesticide is sprayed onto the selected three crops with different characteristics by using agricultural drones with different flight conditions. On the purpose of establishing a guideline for spraying pesticides using a drone in accordance with the characteristics of crops, this paper compares the amount of pesticides distributed in the crops at the wake of nozzle flow using the figure of merit, and the sum of transported liquid rate divided by the root mean square of the probability density function.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.403-413
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• 2021

Background and objective: There is growing concern about the effects of modern society on mental health, coming with Covid-19-related caveats on depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS). This can be a subject to provide alternative methods which alleviate DAS. In line with this context, sensory gardens are widely acknowledged to stimulate the five major senses (sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell) and can have a significant (positive) impact on mental health. However, there is limited empirical evidence on the effect of these gardens with regard to alleviating DAS - particularly with respect to urban society This is a gab in knowledge how such limits can be addressed. Accordingly, this present study is clearly needed in order to verify if there are any correlations between sensory gardens and (positive) effects on DAS. The aim of this study was therefore to understand current levels of DAS in a high density building with a sensory garden in a courtyard and determine correlations between experiences in the sensory courtyard and levels of DAS. Methods: The Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) was employed to test the level of DAS. Results: Additionally, 13 different factors associated with experiences in the building, including the stimulation of the five major senses in the sensory courtyard, were measured to reveal their contribution to mitigating depression, anxiety, and stress. It is noted that the average levels of DAS were 7.91, 7.77 and 9.01 respectively indicating that the mental health of participants requires mental health management. However, results show that factors associated with the sensory courtyard could improve mental health. For example, new social relationships, walking with colleagues, and the stimulation of each of the five major senses in the sensory garden could improve DAS. Conclusion: This illustrates that external experiences are more effective at mitigating depression, anxiety, and stress than internal ones. Factor analysis revealed four components: stimulating the five senses; internal and external facilities; internet-based device use; and new social relationships. There was a strong positive correlation between new social relationships and walking with colleagues. There were also strong positive correlations among the stimulation of each of the five senses. In conclusion, there are strong indications that sensory courtyards can help alleviate DAS and should therefore be promoted, particularly in the current Covid-19 situation wherein the physical and mental health of the public at large are threatened. Accordingly, courtyard design should be rethought in light of the relationship between the positive impact of sensory gardens and mental health.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.148-158
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• 2022

The electrochemical CO₂ reduction (ECR) to produce value-added fuels and chemicals using clean energy sources (like solar and wind) is a promising technology to neutralize the carbon cycle and reproduce the fuels. Presently, the ECR has been the most attractive route to produce carbon-building blocks that have growing global production and high market demand. The electrochemical CO₂ reduction could be extensively implemented if it produces valuable products at those costs which are financially competitive with the present market prices. Herein, the electrochemical conversion of CO₂ obtained from flue gases of a power plant to produce diesel and formic acid using a consistent techno-economic approach is presented. The first scenario analyzed the production of diesel fuel which was formed through Fischer-Tropsch processing of CO (obtained through electroreduction of CO₂) and hydrogen, while in the second scenario, direct electrochemical CO₂ reduction to formic acid was considered. As per the base case assumptions extracted from the previous outstanding research studies, both processes weren't competitive with the existing fuel prices, indicating that high electrochemical (EC) cell capital cost was the main limiting component. The diesel fuel production was predicted as the best route for the cost-effective production of fuels under conceivable optimistic case assumptions, and the formic acid was found to be costly in terms of stored energy contents and has a facile production mechanism at those costs which are financially competitive with its bulk market price. In both processes, the liquid product cost was greatly affected by the parameters affecting the EC cell capital expenses, such as cost concerning the electrode area, faradaic efficiency, and current density.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.3
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• pp.374-384
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• 2022

There is an increasing demand for Tetradium daniellii seedlings due to their uses as alternative energy, for ecological restoration, and as a honey plant. This study was conducted to determine the optimum container for superior seedling production of T. daniellii. Experiments were performed using five plastic container types (500, 350, 320, 300, and 250 ml) for forestry facility cultivation. The height and root collar diameter growth of T. daniellii seedlings were significantly high in the 350-ml container. High growth appeared primarily in the container with a larger cavity volume and lower growing density. Root development was most active in full sunlight. The maximum dry matter production was observed in the 350-ml container, which was similar to the results of height and root collar diameter growth. QI, an index showing the quality of a seedling, was maximum at 0.97 in the 350-ml container. In conclusion, the 350-ml container is optimum for superior seedling production of T. daniellii.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.283-288
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• 1982

This experiment was carried out to improve the cultural practices of seedlings and to investigate the proper planting density in aromatic tobacco, Sohang. Two different cultural practices of seedling were employed; Temporary transplanting (TT; Conventional practices) and non temporary transplanting (N.T.). Vinyl pot sizes were $3.5cm{\times}3.5cm, \;4cm{\times}4cm$ and $5cm{\times}5cm$ Plants per hole were 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. There were little difference among the vinyl pot sizes in all characters except the survival ratio. But it may be little problem on cultural practices by 7 plants per hole in $5cm\times$5cm vinyl pot. There were not significant in price per kg, yield per 10a and value per 10a between two cultural practices of seedlings and among three pot sizes. Mildness and filling power were increased by increasing the plants per hole. Combustibility of 5-9 plants were better than those of 1-3 plants per hole. The growing of 6 seedlings per hole in $5cm\times$5cm vinyl pot by non temporary transplanting resulted the best cultural practices for an aromatic tobacco, Sohyang.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.383-393
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• 1991

Lodging of rice plant is the most important damage by unfavourable weather conditions in rice cultivation. High levels of nitrogen application and growing of Japonica rice variety is one factor to increase the lodging damage. Lodging of rice plant decreasing grain yield; 34% at milky. 21% at dough. 20% at yellow stage. decreasing grain Quality. increasing green rice. and increasing labor cost to harvest. To decrease lodging damage. the lodging resistant varieties will be selected and cultural practices such as amount and time of nitrogen application. planting density. water management. and disease and pest control methods have to be study for the short and strong culm. and good rooting system. Also. application methods such amount and time of plant growth regulators and new types of chemicals will be develop for the reducing lodging of rice plant. To decrease the lodging damage in direct seeding cultivation. first identifying the differences of lodging mechanisms between hand transplanting and direct seeding, second establish the suitable direct seeding methods such as seedling establishement. fertilization. and water menagement.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.35-47
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• 2019

The mycelial growth of P. coccineus strain was good in PDA and YMA, but mycelial growth was low in MEA. Light irradiation during the incubation period affected the pigment formation and density of mycelia. Mushroom of P. coccineus strain was able to produce fruiting bodies in both bottle and bag cultivation, and oak sawdust was found to be the most suitable substrate for spawn culture and cultivation. In artificial cultivation using sawdust medium, fruiting body was grown to the extent that visual observation was possible from the 15th day, and it formed about 5 days fast in the treatment group with low relative humidity. From 40 to 45 days of mushroom development, mature fruiting bodies could be harvested, and the lower relative humidity of the growing room favored mushroom development and growth. Antioxidant activity of fruiting bodies harvested from artificial cultivation showed that ABTS radical scavenging activity of bottle-cultivated and wild fruit bodies were shown at 505㎍/㎖ and 515㎍/㎖, respectively. However, fruiting bodies harvested in bag cultivation were high at 910㎍/㎖. As a result of DPPH radical scavenging activity, all extracts were found to be inactive, exhibiting IC₅₀ value of more than 2,000㎍/㎖ concentration. The ethyl acetate extract of mushrooms obtained from bottle cultivation showed the highest activity with 1,550㎍/㎖ IC₅₀ value. Methanol extract of wild fruit bodies had the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity at the same concentration (10mg/㎖).