• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.83-103
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to develop and implement an alternative elementary mathematics curriculum to enhance creative problem solving ability. The curriculum consisting of three main elements was developed. The three elements are content knowledge, process knowledge and creative thinking skills. The curriculum contents and the units were developed by mathematics educators, elementary educators, psychologists, elementary school teachers and curriculum specialists for 3 years. In order to test the effectiveness of the developed curriculum, the 5 units based on a problem-based-learning (PBL) method were implemented in a 5th grade class as an experimental group during the second semester. For the comparison group the ordinary lesson based on the 6th national mathematics curriculum was implemented during the same period. Performance assessment was developed and used for the pre and post test. T-est was use to testify that the effect of the curriculum is statistically signigicant. The results of the test showed that the experimental group progressed significantly in the creative problem solving ability, but the comparison group did not.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.180-188
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• 2002

Newly developed curing units(plasma arc curing units) operate at relatively high intensity and are claimed to result in optimum properties of composite resin in a short curing time. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microhardness and microleakage at the resin-tooth interface of two types of composite resins polymerized with visible light and plasma arc curing units. The results from the present study can be summarized as follows 1. Microhardness in each depth was shown to be higher in group AHL than AP3 & AP6. Group ZHL was lower than AP6 at surface(p<0.05) and had no statistically significant difference at 1mm and 2mm(p>0.05). In other depths, group ZHL was higher than ZP3 and ZP6(p<0.05). 2. The incremental reduction in microhardness with depth was shown to be in all group except in surface-1mm of group AHL and $1{\sim}2mm$ of group ZHL(p<0.05). 3. Degree of microleakage in all oops were shown to be higher in gingival margin than occlusal margin but no statistically significant difference(p>0.05). 4. Differences between curing methods in microleakage were shown to be no statistically significant difference(p>0.05). 5. Differences between composite resins in microleakage were shown to be no statistically significant differ once(p>0.05).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1427-1436
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to explain community structure for actual vegetation and their environment variables in Anmyeon Island. Samples were collected for 106 plots using ZM phytosociology method and coincidence method. Actual vegetation were classified into three vegetations types(forest vegetation type, maritime vegetation type, lake vegetation type) and eleven community units. Pourthiaea villosa community in forest vegetation type was divided into 5 groups such as Carpinus coreana group, Pinus rigida group, Chamaecyparis obtusa group, Castanea crenata group and Typical group. Maritime vegetation type was divided into 3 communities, such as Vitex rotundifolia community, Koelreuteria paniculata community and Suaeda japonica community. V. rotundifolia community was subdivided into 2 groups, Rosa rugosa group and Diodia teres group. K. paniculata community was subdivided into 2 groups, Grewia biloba var. parviflora group and Typical group. Lake vegetation type was divided into 1 community, Nelumbo nucifera community. And it was entirely classified into 11 community units.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.1237-1238
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• 2005

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.101-113
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• 1990

Apartment houses are repidly being assimialated into the Korean lifestyle. Little study of space utilization and specificially built-in storage needs has been implemented into design of these apartment units. The purposes of this study were, first, to ascertain attitudes of a select group of Korean housewives(N=250) living in apartments in Seoul toward closets and built-in storage units, and second, to determine the acceptability of proposed alternative plans which include built-in storage facilities by Korean women(N=31) living in the United States. Overall results reflect that built-in closets and storage are highly prized and additional units required in Korean apartment plans. Of the respondents, about 86% thought portable storage bought at marirage would be phased out if more storage was built into Korean apartmemts. Most Korean housewives would perceive the advantages of built-in storage units, and would prefer differentiated built-in storage units to undifferentiat d ones. Yet attitudes were equally split on the aesthetic value of the elimination of the portable storage. Five Korean apartment plans were drawn to scale then altered through the incorporation of additional built-in storage. These altered plans all received greater then 83% preferences to the existing Korean apartment plans. Additional study needs to be undertaken to address the implementation of additional storage in existing units as well as impact the current space planning concepts related to more built-in storage. Consideration needs to be given to the concerns related to aesthetic value of portable units as part of the study process.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.255-259
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• 1993

The efficacy of the autotransfusion system is a reducing the need of intraoperative and postoperative transfusion in cardiovascular surgery. Between January 1990 and December 1991, we experienced 23 cases of autotransfusion using Haemonetic Cell Saver in cardiovascular surgery [Experimental group]. Another 13 cases which were taken similiar operations without Cell Saver during same period [Control group]. The amounts of blood transfused are 4.23 1.84 units in Control group, 2.82 1.84 units in Experimental group. Postoperatively, both groups showed decreased platelet counts, mild prolongation of prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time compred to preoperative value [P<0.001], but there were no significant differences between two group [P=NS]. Plasma hemoglobin was markedly increased in Experimental group compared with Control group [p<0.05]. In Experimental group, amount of average processed blood by Cell Saver was 700ml of which composition was hemoglobin 17mg/dl, hematocrit 50.0%, RBC 5,590,000/ml, WBC 7500/ml, and platelet 40,000/ml. The culture of the processed blood revealed no growth of the organisms. Conclusively, Cell Saver autotransfusion system is a simple, safe, and cost effective method especially in the cases associated with massive bleeding. However, it requires familiarity with system, gentle manipulation of suction tip, and careful selection of candidates to obtain maximal benefits .

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.81-86
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• 2014

In this paper, a jointly optimal group replacement and spare provisioning policy is presented. Most maintenance policies assume that the spare inventory is always available, but in practice the maintenance schedule is affected by the availability of spare inventory. We present a maintenance-inventory model which jointly optimizes the group replacement interval and spare ordering quantity. Group replacement policy is used when a group of units are put in operation simultaneously. The operating fleet is replaced altogether at a predetermined number of units are failed. A sufficient level of spare inventory is carried to perform a number of group replacement. A cost rate expression which considers the group maintenance cost and inventory holding cost is derived and a heuristic method for searching the optimum value of decision variables is suggested. Numerical examples demonstrate the analytical results and the performance of the presented model.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.441-456
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• 1995

This study was done to determine direct and in-direct nursing time in nursing units in hospital to ap-plied computer system and expect that those results contribute to measure efficiency of nursing practice and planning of nursing manpower. The design for study was a descriptive study. The study results are as follows. 1. Patients admitted to the Internal Medicine and General Surgery units were grouped into four. Group Ⅰ, 32.9% of the total patients, consisted patients whose condition was considered minor Group Ⅱ, 26.1%, was of those whose condition was considered moderate, Group Ⅲ, 41. 8%, moderate severe and Group Ⅳ, 29.2% the most severe. 2. Nursing intervention times by care type were as follows four minutes spent for suction eight minutes, for simple position change, ten minutes, for sheet change, seven minutes for a hot or cool compress, six minutes for dressing change, four minutes for Ⅰ.M. injection, six minutes for patient health education and five minutes for body temperature check. 3. Direct care time by patient group revealed the following : Group Ⅰ rquired 191.4 minutes, Group Ⅱ required 331.1 minutes, Group Ⅲ rquired 499.4 minutes, and Group Ⅳ rquired 1328.0 minutes. 4. The ratio of time for adequate nursing care and direct care time in the Internal Medicine and Goneral Surgery units was 67.4%-83.4% and 94.7%-99.3% in the Intensie Care Unit. 5. Average daily direct care time per patient was 5.5 hours in the Internal Medicine unit and 11.5 hours in the Intensive Care Unit. 6. Time spent in indirect care was 48.3 minutes for computer recording,34.8 minutes for giving and receiving patient information for shift duty, 28.0 minutes for eating and resting time, 26.6 minutes for transfering and identifying patients, 25.6 minutes for identifying Doctor's order, 23.9 minutes for recording vital signs. 7. Time spent in indirect care was 282.2 minutes by head nurses (charge nurses), 258.7 minutes by nurses and 261.6 minutes by nurse aids. 8. The average nurse's workload was 9.3 hours and daily indirect nursing time required 46.3%-50. 5% of above mentioned workload time. .9. The average daily indirect care time per patient was expected to be 57.7 minutes in the Internal Medicine unit and 3.3 hours in the Intensive Care Unit.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.281-288
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• 1983

Heparinization is an essential step in extracorporeal circulation for open heart surgery. But wide individual variation to heparin effect sometimes makes it difficult to anticoagulate safely or neutralize appropriately. Because the conventional set protocol of heparinization did not consider this individual variation, a new method of control of heparinization was proposed by Dr. Brian Bull in 1974. We compared the group in which a conventional set protocol was used [Control group] with the other in which a new protocol modified from that of Bull was used [ACT group], on the aspects of the dosages of heparin and protamine administered and postoperative bleeding. Our conventional protocol [Control group] consisted of: 1. Initial heparin was given at dose of 350U/Kg into the right atrium prior to bypass. 2. Additional heparin was given every hour during E.C.C., as much as a half of the Initial dose. 3. 600U of heparin was mixed into every 100ml. of priming solution. 4. The protamine dose was calculated by totalling the units of heparin given to the patient and giving 1 .8mg. of protamine per 100 units of heparin. ACT protocol [ACT group] consisted of: 1. Initial heparinization was same as that of conventional protocol. 2. ACT`s were checked before [A point] and 10 minutes after initial heparinization [B point]. With these 2 points, a dose response curve was drawn. 3. Heparin for the priming solution was same as in control group. 4. Every 30 minutes during E.C.C., ACT`s were checked with Hemochron [International Technidyne Corp.]. ACT between 450 and 600 seconds was regarded as safety zone. If ACT checked at a time was below 450 seconds, heparin dose was calculated on the dose-response curve to lengthen ACT to 480 seconds and was given into the oxygenator. 5. About 10 minutes before the term of E.C.C., ACT was checked to estimate the blood heparin level at the time. Then, protamine dose was calculated at dose of 1.Stag per 100 units of heparin. The calculated dose of protamine was mixed into 50 to lO0ml of 5% Dextrose Water and dripped intravenously during the period of 15 minutes. Compared these two groups mentioned above, results were obtained as follows: 1. Mean value of normal ACT checked with Hemochron on 30 preoperative patients was 124 seconds [range 95-145 sec.]. 2. Doses of heparin and protamine given to the patient were decreased in ACT group as much as 32.2% and 62.2% respectively. 3. Postoperative bleeding and transfusion were also decreased in ACT group in 60.5% and 67.1% respectively. 4. Our modified dose-response curve did not cause any problems in the control of heparinization. 5. Initial heparinization [Heparin 350U/Kg] was sufficient for the most patients until 60 minutes under extracorporeal circulation. 6. We used 1.5mg of protamine to neutralize 100 units of heparin. But smaller dose of protamine may be sufficient for appropriate neutralization.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.3
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• pp.277-289
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• 2019

This study was designed to analyze vegetation units using a phytosociological method and to identify the ecological characteristics of each vegetation unit, for forest vegetation from Misiryeong to Danmokryeong of Baekdudaegan, in which, in total, 150 plots were surveyed during May to October 2016. Using community classification according to phytosociology, the Quercus mongolica community group was classified at the top level of a vegetation hierarchy that was classified into an Abies koreana community and a Carpinus cordata community. The A. koreana community was divided into Thuja koraiensis and A. koreana typical groups. The T. koraiensis group was subdivided into Pinus pumila and Betula chinensis subgroups. The C. cordata community was divided into Sasa borealis and C. cordata typical groups. Thus, this forest vegetation comprised one community group, two communities, four groups, and two subgroups and indicated five vegetation units. After analyzing the correlations among the five vegetation units classified by this plant sociological method and the environmental factors like altitude, bare rock, number of present species, and coverage of tree layer with a coincidence method, the A. koreana community and C. cordata typical group were found to be distributed above 1,000 m in altitude, and the S. borealis group was distributed below 1,000 m in altitude. Except for vegetation unit 1, vegetation units tended to be mainly distributed where there was less than 20% bare rock. There was no typical tendency in the number of species present; vegetation unit 5 showed the most abundance among the vegetation units. Coverage by the tree layer mostly exceeded 60%, except for vegetation unit 1.