• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 1996.11a
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• pp.39-49
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• 1996

Hundreds of contaminated sites have been generated due to the past mismagement of toxic substances, the lack of adequate environmental controls and ignorance of the potential environmental impacts of general activities in Canada. The general public, industry and governments have been addressing the contaminated sites with a number of cleanup responses. Environmental protection and remediation have become top priorities for the public and private sectors alike in Canada. Between the late 1980s and the early 1990s, the Canadian Environmental Protection Act and Canada's Green Plan were followed by provincial and territorial laws and policies to regulate contaminated sites. The National Contaminated Site Remediation Program(NCSRP) was initiated in 1989. It has been administered through bilateral agreements between the federal and participating provincial/territorial governments. They have committed a total of $250 million toward orphan site cleanup and technology development/demonstration over a five year period. The federal government has committed an additional $25 million to assess contaminated sites on federal crown land. Over 40 orphan high-risk contaminated sites, over 230 federal sites and over 35 technology development/demonstration projects have been addressed. The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment has developed a series of guidance documents to ensure a consistent and successful implementation of the Program. The management/regulation scheme of contaminated sites generally consists of： 1) identifying and investigating sites, 2) determining site contamination, 3) recognizing responsibility and liability, 4) assessing priority for remediation, 5) activation, evaluation and implementing remediation options, and 6) documenting remediation completion. The NCSRP supported the successful development/demonstration of a wide range of innovative remedial technologies. They are related to stabilization/solidification, thermal washing/flushing, advanced oxidation, sonics, and groundwater contaminated with hydrocarbons, PAHS, PCBs, heavy metals, and other hazardous pollutants in a variety of site environments.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.613-624
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• 2022

A study of the evolution of overburden fractures under the solid-fluid coupling state was conducted based on the geological and mining characteristics of the coal seam depth, weak strata cementation, and high-intensity mining in the mining areas of West China. These mining characteristics are key to achieving water conservation during mining or establishing groundwater reservoirs in coal mines. Based on the engineering background of the Daliuta Coal Mine, a non-hydrophilic simulation material suitable for simulating the weakly cemented rock masses in this area was developed, and a physical simulation test was carried out using a water-sand gushing test system. The study explored the spatial distribution and dynamic evolution of the fractured zone in the mining overburden under the coupling of stress and seepage. The experimental results show that the mining overburden can be vertically divided into the overall migration zone, the fracture extension zone and the collapse zone; additionally, in the horizontal direction, the mining overburden can be divided into the primary fracture zone, periodic fracture zone, and stop-fracture zone. The scope of groundwater flow in the overburden gradually expands with the mining of coal seams. When a stable water inrush channel is formed, other areas no longer generate new channels, and the unstable water inrush channels gradually close. Finally, the primary fracture area becomes the main water inrush channel for coal mines. The numerical simulation results indicate that the overlying rock breaking above the middle of the mined-out area allows the formation of the water-conducting channel. The water body will flow into the fracture extension zone with the shortest path, resulting in the occurrence of water bursting accidents in the mining face. The experimental research results provide a theoretical basis for the implementation of water conservation mining or the establishment of groundwater reservoirs in western mining areas, and this theoretical basis has considerable application and promotion value.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.98-104
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• 2017

Human Resources Development of Korea has been practicing performance evaluation for occupational qualification licences in environmental sectors that include water, air, and wastes management, but not soil. The purpose of the study was to improve overall quality of the national qualification test in the soil sector to better train applicants based on National Competency Standards (NCS), which is designed to emphasize site-specific conditions and knowledge. This study systematically analysed the current licence test in the soil sector with respect to qualification units, performance criteria, knowledge, techniques, and attitude as described in NCS. Furthermore, test evaluation was conducted to examine the validity of the revised licence test. The test results indicated the revised test method would bring positive outcomes to the related industry. Upon the reviews and amendments by the field experts, the result of this study could serve as a framework to the development of more robust and reliable licence test.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1-13
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• 2016

The programmable logic array to match the treatment technology to the soil contaminated site based on the site properties in Korea was developed. Based on the previous technology screening system of FRTR (Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable) in USA, total 9 evaluation factors indicating the site characteristics were used for the technology matching process and 8 factors among them were quantitatively weighed in the order of importance. The class interval for each evaluation factor was linearly distributed to give the weighed score and 8 scores were summed up to prioritize the treatment technology. The optimal treatment technology for a specific site was determined according to the total score acquired from 8 evaluation factors used in this technology matching process. The reliability test for the developed technology matching system was done by using information of two real cleanup sites in Korea, suggesting that this guideline will be available to determine the most effective treatment technology to cleanup the soil contaminated site and also to assist the government or the company to design a successful and cost-effective site cleanup plan in Korea.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.123-127
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• 2005

Surface refraction and crosswell seismic survey conducted as a part of geoscientific studies applied in an area of ground water reservoir shows that, 1) the average velocity with respect to depth is about 250 m/s for the surface layer (<4m), 2,500 m/s for the weathered formation, and greater than 3,500 m/s for the bed rocks, 2) the depth to the bedrock derived from the seismic studies and the sonic log (17m) is somewhat different from the depth obtained from the core study (25m).

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.40-49
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• 2013

In the beginning of $20^{th}$ century, the coal mining industry had an important role in Japan at which two-thirds of the coal product came from the Kitakyushu-Chikuho District (KCD). As a consequence of mining activities, land-use condition in this district showed notable changes. This paper presented a study of land-use changes in coal mining area by characterizing land-use pattern transition over the last 100 years. In order to carry out the rigorous analysis of land-use, a series of land-use maps over the last 100 years was developed using geographic information systems (GIS). The historic topographic map and another available old data were used to investigate the long-term changes of land-use associated with past mining within the GIS platform. The results showed that the utilization of a series of developed land-use maps successfully indicated the difference of land-use pattern in the KCD before and after the peak of mining activities. The general findings from land-use analysis described that forest and farm lands were lost and turned into abandoned sites in the last 100 years.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.134-141
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• 2014

A testing inspection is one of the important in the industry, owing to determine the reliability and directivity of testing inspection results. Therefore, the quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) work which performed by personnel not directly in the inventory compilation development, in testing inspection must be thoroughly considered. Some agencies for environmental test inspection, they sometimes misunderstood that the QA/QC was ended with proficiency testing performance and on-site assessment by a director. Thus, results were often calculated without QA/QC work by self manual when conducting test. The objective of this study was to improve reliability of testing and inspection agency through the QA/QC case study which basically performed to raising reliability of testing and inspection agency. In this study, it increased reliability of result by verifying calibration curve (IC, ICV, CCV), blank, accuracy (LCS, MS) and precision as QA/QC performance, while performing investigation of soil contamination in mining areas. This study suggests that reliability establishing method of test result and management method of analysis process, through the QA/QC instance of testing agency.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.427-432
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• 2001

The purpose of study is to examine the sensitivity of the rate of degradation to initial TCE concentration and iron concentration in the solution. The batch tests were executed to assess the degradation rate at varying initial conditions. First order rate constants($k_a$) were more rapid with the lower initial TCE concentration, Howere the correleation was not always linear between $k_a$ and initial TCE concentration. $k_a$ was proportionally increased as the increasing surface area. It implied that the effective reactive surface area acted as the limiting factor on the reductive dechlorination of TCE by iron.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.1026-1032
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• 2004

In this study, we assess the recent changes in the amount of excretion by the livestock industry, and discuss the effects of increasing the ratio of cultivated land on the reduction of surplus nitrogen from a cost-performance perspective. Nitrogen has contributed to acidification of ecosystems and nitrate concentrations in groundwater, especially in Europe. Therefore, we assessed the level of nitrogen waste from the domestic Japanese livestock industry, including cattle, swine and poultry during the period 1987-2001. This assessment assumed that 40% of the nitrogen from the domestic livestock industry was emitted as gas into the air and that 60% of the nitrogen was contained in manure used on domestic cultivated land. Nitrogen excreted from livestock, excluding gas emission, decreased by 11% from 0.504 million tons to 0.447 million tons during 1993-2001. Thus, the peak period of nitrogen excretion from livestock is already past in Japan. However, the area of cultivated land under management also decreased during 1990-2000. In addition, the area of paddy and upland fields left unplanted for a year increased during 1990-2000. Therefore, if all manure from the domestic livestock industry had been utilized on the fields as organic fertilizer, but not on arable land left uncultivated for the past year, the nitrogen per net area of cultivated land would have increased by 5%, from 125 to 131 N kg/ha, during 1990-2000. To reduce the nitrogen ratio on cultivated land through the planting of feed grain to utilize the nitrogen, a comparison of the cost performance of feed grains indicated that barley would be more suitable than wheat, rice or soybean. Had barley been planted in 100% of the land left fallow for the past year in 2000, 4% (20,000 tons) of the nitrogen from livestock waste would have been used in the harvest, and the nitrogen per land unit would have not increased but decreased from 125 to 121 N kg/ha during the same decade. Furthermore, when converted into Total Digestible Nutrients, 7% of imported feed corn could have been replaced with the harvested barley in 2000. Planting barley on this fallow land had three benefits; reducing the risk of manure overload on the land, slowing down the decrease in cultivated land, and raising the feed self-sufficiency ratio. Thus, it would be beneficial to plant feed grain such as barley in land left fallow for the past year through utilization of manure.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2004

Foam reduces the mobility of gas phase in porous media to overcome gravity override and to divert acid into desired layers in the petroleum industry and to enhance the efficiency of environmental remediation. Recent experimental studies on foam show that foam exhibits a remarkably different flow rheology depending on the flow regime. This study, for the first time, focuses on the issues of foam diversion process under the conditions relevant to groundwater remediation, combining results from laboratory linear-flow experiments and a simple numerical model with permeability contrasts. Linear flow tests performed at two different permeabilities (k = 9.1 and 30.4 darcy) confirmed that two flow regimes of steady-state strong foams were also observed within the permeability range of shallow geological formations. Foam exhibited a shear-thinning behavior in a low-quality regime and near Newtonian rheology in a high-quality regime. Data taken from linear flow tests were incorporated into a simple numerical model to evaluate the efficiency of foam diversion process in the presence of permeability contrasts. The simple model illustrated that foam in the high-quality regime exhibited a successful diversion but foam in the low-quality regime resulted in anti-diversion, implying that only foam in the high-quality regime would be applicable to the diversion process. Sensitivity study proved that the success of diversion process using foam in the high-quality regime was primarily controlled by the limiting capillary pressures (${P_c}{^*}$) of the two layers of interest. Limitations and implications are also discussed and included.