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Foams for Aquifer Remediation: Two Flow Regimes and Its Implication to Diversion Process  

Kam, Seung-Ihl (Australian School of Petroleum, The University of Adelaide)
Jonggeun Choe (Member Research Institute of Engineering Science, School of Civil, Urban and Geosystems Engineering, Seoul National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment / v.9, no.1, 2004 , pp. 1-11 More about this Journal
Abstract
Foam reduces the mobility of gas phase in porous media to overcome gravity override and to divert acid into desired layers in the petroleum industry and to enhance the efficiency of environmental remediation. Recent experimental studies on foam show that foam exhibits a remarkably different flow rheology depending on the flow regime. This study, for the first time, focuses on the issues of foam diversion process under the conditions relevant to groundwater remediation, combining results from laboratory linear-flow experiments and a simple numerical model with permeability contrasts. Linear flow tests performed at two different permeabilities (k = 9.1 and 30.4 darcy) confirmed that two flow regimes of steady-state strong foams were also observed within the permeability range of shallow geological formations. Foam exhibited a shear-thinning behavior in a low-quality regime and near Newtonian rheology in a high-quality regime. Data taken from linear flow tests were incorporated into a simple numerical model to evaluate the efficiency of foam diversion process in the presence of permeability contrasts. The simple model illustrated that foam in the high-quality regime exhibited a successful diversion but foam in the low-quality regime resulted in anti-diversion, implying that only foam in the high-quality regime would be applicable to the diversion process. Sensitivity study proved that the success of diversion process using foam in the high-quality regime was primarily controlled by the limiting capillary pressures (${P_c}{^*}$) of the two layers of interest. Limitations and implications are also discussed and included.
Keywords
foam; diversion; remediation; groundwater; aquifer;
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