• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.121-129
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• 2014

The trend of an increasing demand for a high-quality user experience, coupled with a shortage of radio resources, has necessitated more advanced wireless techniques to cooperatively achieve the required quality-of-experience enhancement. In this study, we investigate the critical problem of rate splitting in heterogeneous cellular networks, where concurrent transmission, for instance, the coordinated multipoint transmission and reception of LTE-A systems, shows promise for improvement of network-wide capacity and the user experience. Unlike most current studies, which only deal with spectral efficiency enhancement, we implement an optimal rate splitting strategy to improve both spectral efficiency and energy efficiency by exploring and exploiting cooperation diversity. First, we introduce the motivation for our proposed algorithm, and then employ the typical cooperative bargaining game to formulate the problem. Next, we derive the best response function by analyzing the dual problem of the defined primal problem. The existence and uniqueness of the proposed cooperative bargaining equilibrium are proved, and more importantly, a distributed algorithm is designed to approach the optimal unique solution under mild conditions. Finally, numerical results show a performance improvement for our proposed distributed cooperative rate splitting algorithm.

• Carbon letters
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2014

Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) with diameters in the submicron and nanometer range exhibit high specific surface area, hierarchically porous structure, flexibility, and super strength which allow them to be used in the electrode materials of energy storage devices, and as hybrid-type filler in carbon fiber reinforced plastics and bone tissue scaffold. Unlike catalytic synthesis and other methods, electrospinning of various polymeric precursors followed by stabilization and carbonization has become a straightforward and convenient way to fabricate continuous CNFs. This paper is a comprehensive and brief review on the latest advances made in the development of electrospun CNFs with major focus on the promising applications accomplished by appropriately regulating the microstructural, mechanical, and electrical properties of as-spun CNFs. Additionally, the article describes the various strategies to make a variety of carbon CNFs for energy conversion and storage, catalysis, sensor, adsorption/separation, and biomedical applications. It is envisioned that electrospun CNFs will be the key materials of green science and technology through close collaborations with carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes.

• 동굴
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• 제61호
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• pp.5-16
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• 2000

Recently many environmental researcher are concerned about the ecological environment and the issue of environmental pollution in cave. In this paper we discuss about air pollution, water pollution, state of water quality, ecological environment and situation of environmental public damage in cave The concerning of air pollution in cave is mainly to the type of secondary contamination, which much is developed in various fields recently. The natural water in the most of cave is no problems but ground water has slitting with natural water during much raining period. The state of water quality is gradually contaminated with artificial environmental pollution, that is, the contents of kinds of Aluminum, Nickel, Copper, Zinc and Calcium are higher than before. On the other hand it is very important things to keep the control of constant temperature, darkness and humidity in cave. The contamination by lamp flora and even black colored contamination are appeared nowadays. The ecological environment in cave destructed by growing of mi coorganism. In fact the internal of cave is shielded with the state of climate of cave external but the environment of internal cave is contaminated, because blowing from external climate state. In addition to environmental pollution caused by carbon dioxide and body temperature of tourists. By the way eco-examination of cave is black color public damage, green color one and white color one has been discovered, so we need to have the situation of demand of environmental reservation alternatives.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제28권9호
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• pp.1467-1471
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• 2007

The green-emitting CeMgAl11O19:Tb (CMAT) phosphor has been prepared at 1200 °C by the simple solid-state reaction using AlF3 as a self-flux. This preparation temperature is much lower than those (1500-1700 °C) for conventional solid-state reaction and spray pyrolysis method. In particular, the complete process to produce high-quality phosphor particles was carried out through the single-step heat treatment of the mixture of corresponding oxide-type metal sources. An addition of AlF3 as a self-flux significantly decreased the crystallization temperature of CMAT with plate-like shape. The particle morphology could be controlled from plate-like to spherical by using H3BO3 as an additional flux. Thus, an optimal morphology and luminescence characteristics of CMAT were achieved when both AlF3 and H3BO3 fluxes were simultaneously used. Compared with conventional solid-state process, which is accompanied by the calcination step(s), and other alternative liquid solution techniques such as sol-gel method and spray pyrolysis, no use of active precursors and liquid media that are harmful to the environment is a distinctive advantage for the industrial purpose.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.676-682
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 국내 원주에서 생산되고 있는 RDF의 열분해 특성을 조사하기 위해 열중량 분석기(TGA)를 이용하여 비등온 실험(10, 20, $30^{\circ}C/min$)을 수행하여 분석하였다. 다양한 성분의 물질을 함유한 RDF는 승온 속도에 따라 차이가 있으나, 대체로 $350{\sim}700^{\circ}C$ 사이에서 열분해 및 연소되었으며, 최대 열분해 반응속도를 나타내는 온도는 석탄의 그것에 비해 매우 빠름을 알 수 있었다. Friedman 및 Flynn-Wall-Ozawa의 방법을 이용하여 평균한 활성화에너지 값은 각각 14.44, 18.40 kcal/mol이었으며, Friedman의 방법을 통해 반응 차수는 1.219, 빈도인자 $3.02{\times}10^5(s^{-1})$의 값을 얻었다. 또한 Coats Redfern의 방법을 통해 앞서 계산한 활성화에너지 값과의 유사성을 비교하여 고체상의 연소반응 메커니즘을 판단할 경우, 개별 입자들 사이에서 하나의 핵에서 핵화되는 반응인 1차 화학 반응($F_1$)이 가장 유사한 반응 메커니즘으로 판단되었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.319-325
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• 2015

분무열분해법을 이용하여 서브 미크론 크기의 $CeO_2:Er^{3+}/Yb^{3+}$ 상향 변환 형광체 입자를 합성하고 $Er^{3+}$ 및 $Yb^{3+}$ 농도 변화에 따른 발광특성을 조사하였다. 합성한 $CeO_2:Er^{3+}/Yb^{3+}$는 $Er^{3+}$ 활성이온의 $^4S_{3/2}/^2H_{11/2}{\rightarrow}^4I_{15/2}$ 및 $^4F_{9/2}{\rightarrow}^4I_{15/2}$ 전이에 기인한 강한 녹색 및 적색 발광을 보였다. 가장 높은 발광을 보이는 활성제 농도는 Er = 1.0% 그리고 Yb = 2.0%이며, 농도소광 현상은 쌍극자-쌍극자 상호작용을 통해 일어남이 확인되었다. 레이저 다이오드 여기 광 세기에 대한 발광강도 의존성을 활성이온 농도에 따라 조사하였고, 발광 중간 에너지 레벨의 주 소멸과정을 고려하여 발광 메커니즘을 조사하였다. $Yb^{3+}$에서 $Er^{3+}$으로 에너지 전달은 바닥 상태 흡수(ground state absorption, GSA)에 기여하고, $Yb^{3+}$ 도핑은 $^4I_{11/2}{\rightarrow}^4I_{13/2}$ 전이를 가속화시켜 적색/녹색 발광세기 비를 상승시킨다. 최종적으로 분무열분해법으로 제조된 $CeO_2:Er^{3+}/Yb^{3+}$ 형광체의 발광은 선형 감쇠가 중간 에너지 레벨의 고갈을 지배하는 2 광자 프로세스에 의해 일어남을 확인하였다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.250-254
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• 2011

We have synthesized bluish-green, highly-efficient $BaSi_2O_2N_2:Eu^{2+}$ and $(Ba,Sr)Si_2O_2N_2:Eu^{2+}$ phosphors through a conventional solid state reaction method using metal carbonate, $Si_3N_4$, and $Eu_2O_3$ as raw materials. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of these phosphors revealed that a $BaSi_2O_2N_2$ single phase was obtained. The excitation and emission spectra showed typical broadband excitation and emission resulting from the 5d to 4f transition of $Eu^{2+}$. These phosphors absorb blue light at around 450 nm and emit bluish-green luminescence, with a peak wavelength at around 495 nm. From the results of an experiment involving Eu concentration quenching, the relative PL intensity was reduced dramatically for Eu = 0.033. A small substitution of Sr in place of Ba increased the relative emission intensity of the phosphor. We prepared several white LEDs through a combination of $BaSi_2O_2N_2:Eu^{2+}$, YAG:$Ce^{3+}$, and silicone resin with a blue InGaN-based LED. In the case of only the YAG:$Ce^{3+}$-converted LED, the color rendering index was 73.4 and the efficiency was 127 lm/W. In contrast, in the YAG:$Ce^{3+}$ and $BaSi_2O_2N_2:Eu^{2+}$-converted LED, two distinct emission bands from InGaN (450 nm) and the two phosphors (475-750 nm) are observed, and combine to give a spectrum that appears white to the naked eye. The range of the color rendering index and the efficiency were 79.7-81.2 and 117-128 lm/W, respectively. The increased values of the color rendering index indicate that the two phosphor-converted LEDs have improved bluish-green emission compared to the YAG:Ce-converted LED. As such, the $BaSi_2O_2N_2:Eu^{2+}$ phosphor is applicable to white high-rendered LEDs for solid state lighting.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.251-265
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• 2006

To prevent the ozonosphere from being destroyed by Halon, it is an urgent task to find out Halon replacement. As one of the replacements water mist have showed broad applications by its advantages: little pollution to environment (not destroying the ozone layer or bring green house effect), extinguishing fire quickly, consuming a small quantity of water and having little damage to the protected objects. The methods of generating water mist strongly influence fire suppression effectiveness, which determine the cone angle, drop size distribution, flux uniformity, and momentum of the generating spray. The traditional water mist nozzle included pressure jet nozzles, impingement nozzles and twin-fluid nozzles. All of them have more or less disadvantages for fire suppression. Therefore, many research institutes and corporations are taking up with innovations in mist generation. This article provided some recent studies in State Key Laboratory of Fire Science (SKLFS) of University of Science and Technology of China. SKLFS have investigated new methods of generating water mist (i.e. effervescent atomization and ultrasonic atomization). and self developed a series of nozzles and developed advanced DPIVS (Digital Particle Image Velocimetry and Sizing) technique. Characteristics of water mist (the distribution of droplet sizes, flux density, spray dynamics and cone angle) produced by these nozzles were measured under different conditions (work pressure, nozzle geometry, etc.) using LDV/APV and DPTVS systems. A series of experiments were performed to study the fire suppression effectiveness in different fire scenario (different kindsof the fuel, fire size and ventilation conditions). The fire extinguishing mechanisms of water mist was also discussed.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.121-127
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• 2006

The conventional water quality measurements by point sampling provide only site specific temporal water quality information but not the synoptic geographic coverage of water quality distribution. To circumvent these limitations in temporal and spatial measurements, the use of remote sensing is increasingly involved in the water quality monitoring research. In other to assess a trophic state of Yongdam reservoir using satellite imagery data, I obtained Landsat ETM data and water quality data on 16th September and 18th October 2001. The approach involved acquisition of water quality samples from boats at 33 sites on 16th September and 30 sites on 18th October 2001, simultaneous with Landsat-7 satellite overpass. The correlation coefficients between the DN values of the imagery and the concentrations of chlorophyll-a were analyzed. The visible bands(band 1,2,3) and near infrared band(band 4) data of September image showed the correlation coefficient values higher than 0.9. The October image showed the correlation coefficient values about 0.7 due to the atmospheric effect and low variation of chlorophyll-a concentration. Regression models between the chrophyll-a concentration and DN values of the Landsat imagery data have been developed for each image. The regression model was determined based on the spectral characteristics of chlorophyll, so the green band(band 2) and near infrared band(band 4) were selected to generate a trophic state map. The coefficient of determination(R2) of the regression model for 16th September was 0.95 and that of the regression model for 18th October was 0.55. According to the trophic state map made based on Aizaki's TSI and chlorophyll-a concentration, the trophic state of Yongdam reservoir was mostly eutrophic state during this study.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.537-542
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• 2013

Two types of Tb- and Na-substituted green phosphors $Ca_{(1-1.5x)}WO_4:Tb_x^{3+}$: and $Ca_{(1-2x)}WO_4:Tb_x^{3+},Na_x^+$ were synthesized with various x values, using a solid-state reaction. The former phosphors contained both substitutional and vacancy point defects, while the later had only substitutional defects. X-ray diffraction results showed that the main diffraction peak, (112), was centered at $2{\theta}=28.72^{\circ}$ and indicated that there was no basic structural deformation caused by substitutions or vacancies. The photoluminescence emission and photoluminescence excitation spectra revealed the optical properties of trivalent terbium ions, $Tb^{3+}$. Typical transitions, $^5D_3{\rightarrow}^7F_6,\;^7F_5,\;^7F_4$ and $^5D_4{\rightarrow}^7F_6,\;^7F_5,\;^7F_4,\;^7F_3$, and cross relaxations were observed. Subtle differences in the photoluminescence of green phosphors were observed as a result of the point defects. The FT-IR spectra indicated that some of the ungerade vibrational modes had shifted positions and changed shapes, spreading out over a wide range of frequencies. This change can be attributed to the different masses of $Tb^{3+}$ and $Na^+$ ions and $V_{Ca}$" vacancies compared to $Ca^{2+}$ ions. The gerade normal modes of the Raman spectra exhibited subtle differences resulting from point defects in $Ca_{(1-1.5x)}Tb_xWO_4$ and $Ca_{(1-2x)}Tb_xNa_xWO_4$.