• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제38권3호
• /
• pp.150-155
• /
• 2018

This study was conducted to determine grazing intensity of growing Korean native goats(Capra hircus coreanae) on mountainous pasture. It was carried out to obtain basic information for improvement of mountainous pasture management and establishing feeding system of Korean native goat. A total of 20 goats were grouped by feeding systems [A mountainous pasture grazing group (Concentrated feed of 1.5% body weight, treatment 1, T1, n=10) and a barn feeding group (TMR, treatment 2, T2), n=10] to conduct study from April to September. The average forage productivity of the mountain pasture was $500.9{\pm}61.41kg/ha$. The average dry matter intake in T1 was 0.64 and the calculated grazing intensity was 21 head/ha. In productivity, when the two treatments(T1, T2) were compared, the dry matter intake was about two to three times the difference. The average daily gain per day during the experiment was 63.3 in the mountain pasture and 120 g in barn feeding. When grazing, considering mountainous pasture productivity it is necessary to increase the productivity through proper feeding. The feed costs of black goats raised by grazing on the grassland in the same period showed an average 75% reduction compared to barn feeding. As a result of this study, it can be expected that a considerable reduction of feed costs can be expected in the breeding of Korean native black goat using the mountain pasture.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국수자원학회 2018년도 학술발표회
• /
• pp.52-52
• /
• 2018

목초지에서 비점오염원 유출특성은 가축밀도(stocking rate)와 방목형태(grazing management practice)에 기인하여 다르게 나타난다. 전통적인 방목형태는 한 대상지역에서 높은 가축밀도의 연속적인 방목(continuous grazing)을 취하는 것인데, 이 경우 토양압밀에 따른 강우의 침투량 감소, 가축의 배설물 축적 등으로 비점오염 유출량이 증가할 수 있으며, 식물의 재성장기간 부족으로 지속적인 방목지 운영이 어려울 수 있다. 순환방목(rotational grazing)은 이러한 연속적 방목 형태의 부정적인 영향을 개선하고자 대안으로 제시되었다. 방법은 구역을 나누고 초본식물의 생육상태를 고려하여 일정기간이 지나면 다른 구역으로 이동 시키며 방목하는 형태이다. 기존의 연구들은 단위 면적당 적정 가축밀도, 필드규모에서 방목형태에 따른 비점오염 유출특성에 초점을 두고 있으며, 결과들은 가축밀도의 영향보다는 방목형태에 의한 수문, 수질 영향이 더 크다고 지적하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 이러한 가축밀도(Heavy vs Light) 및 방목형태(Continuous vs Rotational)가 유역의 비점오염 유출특성에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 평가하고자, 미국 북텍사스 지역에 위치한 Clear Creek 유역을 대상으로 4개의 방목시나리오(heavy continuous[HC], light continuous[LC], multi-paddock[MP], no grazing)를 구성하고 Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) 모형에 적용하였다. SWAT 모형은 대상유역 내 4개의 방목지에서 측정한 토양수분 및 식물 바이오매스 자료, 유역 출구점에서 관측된 장기간의 수문 수질 자료를 이용하여 검증되었다. 연구결과는 순환방목(MP) 시나리오가 수질보호 및 토양침식 방지, 식생의 영양염류 흡수능력이 커지는 것과 같이 생태계서비스 기능의 개선 측면에서 최적의 방목형태(best grazing management)인 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 결과는 가축밀도 보다는 방목형태에 기인한 것으로 필드와 유역스케일에서 동일한 결과를 보여주었다. 그러나 유역 내 목초지의 차지비율에 따라 순환방목 채택에 따른 비점오염 유출량의 감소효과는 다르게 나타나게 된다.

• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
• /
• 제3권3호
• /
• pp.139-148
• /
• 2022

Saxifraga hirculus is classified as a vulnerable plant species in Europe, and it is confined to base-rich flushes in the British uplands. However, a lack of available information about its conservation status hampers the development of adaptive strategies for its in-situ conservation, especially with respect to grazing. To assess the effectiveness of sheep grazing in maintaining viable populations of S. hirculus, we compared the community dynamics of the vegetation in a base-rich flush over 44 years in two plots: one sheep-grazed under business-as-usual sheep grazing densities and the other fenced to exclude grazing. The plots were established in 1972, and the abundances of all vascular plants, bryophytes, and litter were measured at six intervals until 2016. Our results showed that although the presence of S. hirculus was maintained in both plots over the 44 years, it declined and reached a minimum between 1995 and 2010, when it was close to extinction. Since 2013, Saxifraga has recovered only slightly. Interestingly, the S. hirculus response appeared to be independent of grazing treatment, but it mirrored wider changes in the vegetation composition and structure within the flush over the 44 years. These changes are similar to others reported in broader uplands that have been attributed to a combination of reduced nitrogen and sulfur deposition and global warming. Thus, the simple adaptive management approach of "just managing" sheep grazing appeared ineffectual for preserving the S. hirculus population. S. hirculus showed signs of recovery at the end of the study period within this base-rich flush.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.43-48
• /
• 1993

본 시험은 방목이용 초지에서 액상구비(액비) 시용시 가축기호성과 초지 이용효율을 증진시키고자 액비 시용시기를 방목직후(평균 목초 초장 7.5cm), 방목 후 5일째(13.6cm), 방목 후 10일째(18.5cm), 방목 후 15일째(23.5cm)로 달리하고, 액비무시용구를 대조구로 하여 실시되었다. 연간 액비 시용량은 40㎥/ha로 봄철 2회, 여름철 1회, 가을철 1회로 4회 균등 분시하였으며, 전 시험구에서 연간 시비량은 질소 280, 인산 200, 칼리 240kg/ha으로 동일하였다. 방목은 육우 육성우로 목초 초장 30∼35cm일 때 실시하였으며. 1991년도와 199B년도 2개년간 수행되었다. 목초의 초장과 건물수량, 그리고 조단백질 생산량, 조단백질, 조지방, 조섬유, 가용무질소물 및 조회분 함량 등 사료가치는 처리간 차이가 없었다. 가축기호성(1-9)은 액비무시용구와 방목직후 액비시용구에서는 평균 7.8로 가장 높았으며, 그 다음은 방목 후 5일째(7.3), 방목 후 10일째(6.9) 순이었고, 방목 후 15일째 액비시용구는 5.5로 아주 낮았다. 초지이용률에서도 액비무시용구와 방목직후 액비시용구에서 각각 평균 77%와 76%로 가장 높았으며, 그 다음은 방목 후 5일째(74%), 방목 후 10일째(71%) 순이었고, 방목 후 15일째 액비시용구는 60%로 크게 낮았다. 이상의 결과로서 방목이용 초지에서 가축의 기호성과 초지의 이용효율 증진을 위한 액비시용적기는 방목 후 5일 이내(초장 13.6cm 미만)였으며, 늦어도 방목 후 10일 이내(초장 18.5cm 미만)에는 액비를 주어야 효과적이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제26권12호
• /
• pp.1717-1725
• /
• 2013

The objectives of this study were to compare visual observation and an electronic grazing time method and to evaluate the effects of nutritional plans on intake, grazing behavior and horizontal and vertical locomotion of young bulls in a tropical pasture. Thirty-nine Nellore young bulls with an average body weight of $345{\pm}9.3$ kg kept in pasture were used. The experimental treatments consisted of: restricted: animals kept in a plot with a low mass of forage receiving mineral mixture only; control: animals receiving mineral mixture only; HPHC: a high protein and high carbohydrate supplement; HPLC: a high protein and low carbohydrate supplement; LPHC: a low protein and high carbohydrate supplement; LPLC: a low protein and low carbohydrate supplement. GPS collars equipped with activity sensors were used. Information about head position, latitude, longitude and altitude were recorded. Daytime grazing behavioral patterns monitored by a continuous focal animal recording method was compared to behavior estimated by the activity sensor. Feed intake was estimated by a marker method. The Restricted group presented lower (p<0.05) intake of dry matter and TDN. However, difference in dry matter intake was not found (p>0.05) between non-supplemented and supplemented animals. Difference was not found (p>0.05) in daytime grazing time obtained by visual observation or the activity sensor method. The restricted group showed longer (p<0.05) grazing time (9.58 h/d) than other groups, but difference was not found (p>0.05) in the grazing time between Control (8.35 h/d) and supplemented animals (8.03 h/d). The Restricted group presented lower (p<0.05) horizontal locomotion distance (2,168 m/d) in comparison to other groups (2,580.6 m/d). It can be concluded that the use of activity sensor methods can be recommended due to their being similar to visual observation and able to record 24-h/d. While supplements with high carbohydrates reduce pasture intake, they do not change grazing behavior. Moderate supplementation (until 50% of protein requirement and 30% of energy requirement) of beef cattle on tropical pasture has no effect on daily locomotion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제33권11호
• /
• pp.1824-1836
• /
• 2020

Objective: On the hypothesis that grazing of cattle prompts organs to secrete or internalize circulating microRNAs (c-miRNAs) in parallel with changes in energy metabolism, we aimed to clarify biological events in adipose, skeletal muscle, and liver tissues in grazing Japanese Shorthorn (JSH) steers by a transcriptomic approach. Methods: The subcutaneous fat (SCF), biceps femoris muscle (BFM), and liver in JSH steers after three months of grazing or housing were analyzed using microarray and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), followed by gene ontology (GO) and functional annotation analyses. Results: The results of transcriptomics indicated that SCF was highly responsive to grazing compared to BFM and liver tissues. The 'Exosome', 'Carbohydrate metabolism' and 'Lipid metabolism' were extracted as the relevant GO terms in SCF and BFM, and/or liver from the >1.5-fold-altered mRNAs in grazing steers. The qPCR analyses showed a trend of upregulated gene expression related to exosome secretion and internalization (charged multivesicular body protein 4A, vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4B, vesicle associated membrane protein 7, caveolin 1) in the BFM and SCF, as well as upregulation of lipolysis-associated mRNAs (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, hormone-sensitive lipase, perilipin 1, adipose triglyceride lipase, fatty acid binding protein 4) and most of the microRNAs (miRNAs) in SCF. Moreover, gene expression related to fatty acid uptake and inter-organ signaling (solute carrier family 27 member 4 and angiopoietin-like 4) was upregulated in BFM, suggesting activation of SCF-BFM organ crosstalk for energy metabolism. Meanwhile, expression of plasma exosomal miR-16a, miR-19b, miR-21-5p, and miR-142-5p was reduced. According to bioinformatic analyses, the c-miRNA target genes are associated with the terms 'Endosome', 'Caveola', 'Endocytosis', 'Carbohydrate metabolism', and with pathways related to environmental information processing and the endocrine system. Conclusion: Exosome and fatty acid metabolism-related gene expression was altered in SCF of grazing cattle, which could be regulated by miRNA such as miR-142-5p. These changes occurred coordinately in both the SCF and BFM, suggesting involvement of exosome in the SCF-BFM organ crosstalk to modulate energy metabolism.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• 제53권3호
• /
• pp.361-364
• /
• 2015

Gynandromorphic ticks are extremely rare, and often attract parasitologists' attention. During our examination of tick specimens, an engorged gynandromorph of Hyalomma asiaticum was noticed. This is the first record of gynandromorphic ticks from China. In this study, several important morphological structures of normal and gynandromorphic H. asiaticum were analyzed. Comparing to the normal H. asiaticum, the gynandromorphic specimen was a typical bipartite protogynander. Its right side showed normal female characteristics, whereas the left side had normal male traits. Different from other gynandromorphic ticks containing 1 anus, this tick reported here had 2 complete anuses, and the anus of the male part had a single adanal plate.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제37권4호
• /
• pp.345-349
• /
• 2017

본 연구는 엘크 사슴의 사육방식에 따른 사료섭취량, 체중 변화 및 녹용생산성에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 실시하였다. 엘크 사슴 12두를 공시하여 사사사육과 방목사육 형태로 사육하였으며, 처리구 간에 섭취량은 유사하게 나타났다. 일당증체량과 녹용생산성의 경우 방목사육 형태가 높게 나타났는데, 일당증체량은 방목사육 시 약 39% 높은 경향을 보였는데 이는 발육 개선효과가 있을 것으로 생각된다. 녹용 생산성 역시 방목사육 시에 약 19% 높은 경향을 보였다. 그러나 녹용 생산성의 경우 개체 간 편차가 심하여 통계적 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 본 시험에서 방목사육 시에 일당증체량과 녹용 생산성이 높게 나타난 것은 방목에 따른 조사료원의 영양적 성분이 높기 때문으로 생각된다. 이러한 결과는 사슴 방목의 효과에 대한 기초자료로서 충분이 활용될 수 있을 것이며, 앞으로 계절과 방목지의 초종에 따른 녹용의 생산성과 안정성에 대한 추가적인 연구가 수행되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제45권1호
• /
• pp.101-112
• /
• 2003

봄에 태어난 한우 암송아지 60두를 방목전의 농후사료 급여수준 및 개량초지에서의 방목유무에 따라 5개 처리(T1: 전기간 우사 내 사육, 농후사료 체중의 1.5%, T2: 방목전 농후사료 체중의 0.5%, 방목, T3: 방목전 농후사료 체중의 1.0%, 방목, T4: 방목전 농후사료 체중의 1.5%, 방목, T5 : 방목전 농후사료 체중의 2.0%, 방목)를 두어 450일간 사양 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 전기간의 일당증체량은 T5, T4, T1, T3 및 T2가 각각 0.465, 0.428, 0.423, 0.387kg 및 0.322 kg으로 방목전 육성기의 농후사료 급여수준이 증가할수록 높았으며, 방목기의 일당증체량도 방목전 육성기의 농후사료 급여수준이 증가할수록 높았다. 2. 공시기간 동안 kg 증체에 소요된 TDN량은 9.13-9.79kg(평균 9.49kg)이었고, T1, T3, T5, T4 및 T2의 순으로 사료이용성이 높았으며, 방목전 사사기의 농후사료 급여수준이 증가할수록 TDN 이용성이 높았다. 방목기간의 처리구별 kg 증체에 소요된 TDN량은 12.39-12.98 kg(평균 12.68kg)으로 방목전의 농후사료 급여수준에 따른 차이는 없었으나 축사내 사육시 보다 TDN 소요량이 15.6% 증가하였다. 그리고 전기간동안 농후사료에 대한 조사료비율은 57.8-73.6%(평균 63.7%)이었다. 3.성성숙기인 15개월령 체중은 201.2-237.3 kg(평균 223.8kg)으로 육성기 농후사료 급여수준이 증가할수록 증가하였고, 초임시기인 21개월령 체중은 270.2-331.4kg(평균 307.6kg)으로 방목전 사사기의 배합사료 급여수준이 체중대비 0.5% 증가할수록 20.4kg이 증가하였다. 또한 체중 225kg에 도달되는 시기는 14.0-17.6개월령(평균 15.3개월령), 그리고 체중 275 kg에 도달되는 시기는 17.9-21.7개월령(평균 19.4개월령)으로 육성기의 배합사료 급여수준이 체중 대비 0.5% 증가함에 따라 초임시기가 약 1.3개월씩 단축되었다. 이상과 같은 결과들을 종합해 볼 때 봄에 태어난 한우 암송아지를 축사에서 볏짚 위주로 사육할 때의 농후사료 급여수준은 체중의 1.8% 그리고 개량초지에서 방목사육 할 때에는 체중의 1.5%가 적정 수준인 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.428-435
• /
• 2016

The objective of this study was to clarify the most effective component of grazing for improving welfare of fattening pigs. This study compared welfare indicators of 20 fattening pigs aged 100 to 124 days (the prior period) and 138 to 164 days (the latter period) in an indoor housing system (IS), an outdoor pasturing system (OP), a concrete floor paddock system (CF), a concrete floor paddock system with fresh grass (FG), or a soil floor paddock system (SF). The last three treatments include important components of a grazing system: extra space, grass feed, and soil floor. Behavior, wounds on the body, and performances, measured as average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio, were observed. CF pigs behaved similarly to IS pigs. FG pigs showed higher levels of foraging, chewing and activity. SF pigs engaged in higher levels of foraging, exploring, activity, and rooting, and showed a similar amount of playing behavior as OP pigs. ADG was the same in all treatments at the prior period, and increased in the order FG, IS, CF, SF, and OP at the latter. The behaviors and performance of SF pigs resembled those of OP which seemed to indicate a consistently higher standard of welfare than the other treatments. In conclusion, the existence of a soil floor is the most important component of a pasture for improving the welfare of pigs.