• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.267-279
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• 2003

Background : The purpose of this study was to analyze the smoking habits in patients with lung cancer and identify any difference of prevalence according to histologic types of lung cancer. Methods : The data were calculated by total amounts of tar and nicotine inhaled during the whole lifetime according to variation of smoking habit. This study was to investigated any difference of prevalence in lung cancer according to smoking habits. The subjects comprised 150 lung cancer cases and 300 hospital control cases that were matched by age and sex. Smoking habits during the whole lifetime were surveyed by standardized questionnaire. Odds ratios were estimated by unconditional logistic regression analysis. Results : There were 104 male and 34 female lung cancer cases. By histologic type, there were 53 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 67 of adenocarcinoma and 30 of small cell lung carcinoma. The differences between lung cancer cases and controls according to smoking habits were total duration of smoking, total pack years of smoking and number of cigarettes smoked per day during the previous two years. The odds ratio were higher in Kreyberg I, but not in Kreyberg II, for the longer duration of smoking, the greater total pack years of cigarettes consumed, the more cigarettes smoked per day during the previous two years, the longer duration on non-filter smoking, the earlier life cases who began to smoke, and the higher amounts of calculated total tar and nicotine inhaled over the whole lifetime. When we added grade of inhalation to calculation of amounts of tar and nicotine inhaled over the lifetime, the odds ratios of total inhalation amounts of tar and nicotine were as high as those the without them. Conclusions : This study reconfirmed that smoking habits were strongly associated with lung cancer and that there were different associations between smoking habits and histologic types of lung cancer. In particular, calculations of total tar and nicotine amounts inhaled over the whole lifetime were calculated for the first time in trials from lung cancer epidemiologic studies.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.308-315
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to colorimetrically evaluate the masking effect of different opacity of ingots on the final shade of IPS Empress Esthetic$^{(R)}$ laminate veneer restorations using the CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ system. Materials and methods: Six porcelain disks of IPS Empress Esthetic$^{(R)}$ system (translucency: E 01, E 03, E 0C-1, E TC-1, E TC-2, E TC-3) were fabricated with 7 mm in diameter and 0.6 mm in thickness. Six extracted human incisors (shade: A1, A3, A4, B2, B3, C3) were used as the abutment specimens. The incisors were prepared using a diamond wheel and made with a flat labial surface on the middle 1/3. For each combination of different shades of abutments and copings, the change in color was measured with a colorimeter. CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ coordinates were recorded for each specimen. Color differences (${\Delta}E$) were calculated. Descriptive statistical analysis was done. Results: ${\Delta}E$ values were significantly affected by coping translucency and abutment shade (P<.05). The color differences (${\Delta}E$) of laminate veneers among abutments with A3, B3, C3, and A4 shade were mostly below 2.7 which was within the clinically acceptable range, while color differences between A4 and B2, A3 and B2, and A1 and A4 showed more than 2.7. Conclusion: The final color of IPS Empress Esthetic$^{(R)}$ laminate veneers were significantly influenced by translucency of the coping and shade of abutment teeth. The large value difference of abutment teeth limited the masking ability by laminate veneers.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to suggest that selecting method of rotifer with high activity of digestive enzymes for the enrichment effect of rotifer and the increasing of digestive enzymes of fish larvae. the populations assayed the activities of the digestive enzymes were randomly selected out of several population communities cultured with freshwater condensed Chlorella. The relationship with the population density and the growth rate of selected populations was shown to RD=5865 SGR-350.08(P<0.001). The relationships with fecundity of the growth rate and the population density were shown to F=-36.147 SGR+61.652(P<0.05) and F=-0.0085 RD+66.38(P<0.001), respectively. The relationships of the growth rate and the individual activities of digestive enzymes in rotifer were assayed to Amyl=-1.6482 SGR+3.2498(P<0.05), TAP=-0.8115 SGR+1.1361(P<0.001) and TGL+0.0055 SGR+0.0079(P=0.239), respectively. But in TG-lipase was not related significantly with the growth rate. Also the relationships of the fecundity and the individual activities of digestive enzymes in rotifer were shown to Amyl=0.0296 F+1.0981(P<0.001), TAP=0.0252 F+0.0975(P<0.001) and TGL=-6E-06 F+0.0113(P=0.915), respectively. But in TG-lipase was not related significantly with the fecundity. And the relationships with the specific activity of TG-lipase of the fecundity, the growth rate and the population density were TGL=-0.024 F+0.2332(P=0.132), TGL=0.1267 SGR+0.005(P<0.01) and TGL=0.0002 F-0.0594(P<0.001), respectively. In this case, specific activity of TG-lipase was shown the significant relationship with the population density and the growth rate, but it was not related significantly with fecundity. Therefore, Because a population shown the high activity of digestive enzymes for increasing a lipid enrichment effect of a rotifers and receiving the many exogenous digestive enzymes to fish larvae was the population of high fecundity than the population of high rotifer density, to select the population of a high fecundity was suggested to benefit than a high growth rate for fish larvae.

• The Journal of Small Business Innovation
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2017

This study examined whether divided and spun-off companies design and execute spin-offs to minimize tax burdens by analyzing multiple spin-off transactions in the Dongbu Group, when the Korean tax law regarding corporate restructuring was amended in July 2010. Before the July 2010 tax amendment, taxes on the capital gains arising from the qualifying spin-off were deferred to the earlier of the shares in or assets acquired by the spun-off company are disposed. This tax treatment relieves the divided company's tax burden by deferring taxes on capital gains, compared with non-qualifying spin-offs. However, if shares in or assets acquired by the spun-off company are disposed after the July 2010 tax amendment, the capital gain incurred at the time of the qualifying spin-off would be taxed again at the spun-off company, in addition to a taxation on the divided company's capital gains. This creates double taxation implications for the parties involved in the spin-off. As a result, the double taxation may outweigh the benefit from the tax deferral on the qualifying spin-off, which may make a qualifying spin-off tax unfavorable. Among the four spin-off cases in the Dongbu Group addressed in this study, a spin-off occurred before the tax amendment, whereas three spin-offs occurred after the tax amendment. Initially, we expected that the spin-off before the tax amendment would be a qualifying spin-off, and the other three spin-offs would be non-qualifying spin-offs, considering the taxation rules before and after the July 2010 tax amendment. However, based on the review of summarized balance sheets disclosed in the spin-offs' corporate filings, no capital gains arose during the four spin-offs that occurred in the Dongbu Group. Therefore, we concluded that the Dongbu Group considered non-tax factors more than tax factors while designing and executing the spin-offs. The local media posited during this period that these spin-offs may intend to resolve financial issues in the Dongbu Group, and this analysis was supported by the fact that some shares in the new spun-off companies were sold by the Dongbu Group. Our case studies provide evidence that all costs, including both tax and non-tax costs, must be considered in the course of spin-offs, in addition to the tax burdens on all parties involved in the corporate restructuring, which parallels the work of Scholes et al. (2008). This study provides implications that various aspects should be considered and reviewed in advance when the management makes decisions for effective tax planning.

• The Journal of Small Business Innovation
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to obtain the implications for establishing a marketing strategy for retailers by analyzing whether the consumer's preference for products (food) is influenced by on-line, off-line, and omni-channel preferences. The research model consisted of the effects of consumers' food selection characteristics on business preference and omni channel preference. The results of analysis based on 477 questionnaires are summarized as follows. First, food purchasing characteristics that utilize the seven characteristics of (1) freshness of food, (2) taste, (3) quality and safety, (4) tasting, (5) food function and information, (6) country of origin, and (7) brand loyalty, has various effects on types of business preference, omni-channel preference. The adopted hypotheses were selected in order of brand loyalty (5 times), freshness (3 times), tasting (3 times), and origin (1 time). The selective attributes on foods are: (1) what kind of brand, (2) how good the freshness is, (3) tasting. (4) The country of origin is to be compressed. Actually consumers seem to utilize only the core selective factors that are appropriate to the characteristics of the distribution channel rather than all of them in the shopping of the food, and there is three characteristics on Convenience Store and only one or two factors in the other types of business. Second, in the analysis of the omni-channel preference analysis, food selection characteristics has been shown to have a limited effect, which is attributed to the fact that the consumer has not yet understood the concept of omni channel. Third, the results of this study suggest that there is a need to reflect the selection characteristics of foods that have diverse influences by business type in the marketing strategies. Because consumers make reasonable consumption to use both on-line and off-line simultaneously, consumers who use Omni Channel focus on quality and safety of food, identify products through tasting, pursue brands that can trust anywhere. Customers who pursue rationality will have a high preference for using Omni Channel. Product choice characteristic has significant effect on omni-channel preference. For a few years, omni-channel strategy of retailers meets with a difficulty. This study make a first attempt to study omni-channel preference changing retailing paradigm.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.77-89
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to optimize processing conditions for the production of an instant puffed rice product using response surface methodology (RSM) and contour analysis. Sensory and texture qualities, and physical properties of the puffed rice were analyzed with various processing conditions related to drying and puffing temperature, and moisture content. Preference, color intensity, cohesiveness, rehydration ratio, density and lightness of the puffed rice product significantly varied depending on the processing conditions. The responses showed high $R^2$ values (0.623, 0.852, 0.735, 0.688, and 0.790) and lack-of-fit. Rehydration ratio was found to have a negative correlation with density in the condition of drying and puffing temperature. Lightness and preference scores of the puffed rice increased as the moisture content increased. According to RSM, the preference scores were very highly related to the moisture content, and the optimum processing conditions of the puffed rice product were at $40^{\circ}C$ of drying temperature, with 11.0% of moisture content, and at $232.7^{\circ}C$ of puffing temperature.

• Solar Energy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.53-61
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• 1991

In this research, Octacosane($C_{28}H_{58}$) and Sodium Acetate Trihydrate($CH_3COONa{\cdot}3H_2O$) were selected as latent heat storage materials to store off-peak electricity or waste heat of an industrial plant. Experimental analyses were performed in terms of the variation of phase change temperature and latent heat, phase change stability for the long term utilization. The results were as follows. 1. The phase change temperatures of industrial grade Octacosane and Sodium Acetate Trihydrate were $60.7^{\circ}C$ and $57.4^{\circ}C$, the latent heat were 60.6kcal/kg and 51.1kcal/kg respectively. 2. The latent heat quantity of Octacosane was decreased with the increasing number of phase change cycles. It decreased from 60.6kcal/kg to 47.2kcal/kg upto 200 cycles and then no variation was observed after 200 cycles. 3. To prevent the supercooling of Sodium Acetate Trihydrate, the nucleating agent, Sodium Pyrophosphate Decahydrate of 3 wt% was added, and then the supercooling temperature (Tm-Tsc) was decreased from $25.7^{\circ}C$ to $1^{\circ}C$. The phase separation was disappeared by the addition of CMC-Na of 3 wt% as a thickener. It was found that the optimal quantity of nucleating agent and thickener was 4wt% considering the stability of SAT as a latent heat storage material. 4. The phase change temperature of Sodium Acetate Trihydrate($CH_3COONa{\cdot}3H_2O$) was adjusted from 57.4 to $46.2^{\circ}C$ by the addition of UREA. And then the latent heat quantity was decreased from 51.1 to 38.3kcal/kg. 5. When the heat storage capacities between the sensible and latent heat storage materials were analyzed and compared in heating process from 30 to $90^{\circ}C$, the heat storage capacity of Octacosane was 2.45 times larger than water and 12.5 times than granite at $60.7^{\circ}C$, and the heat storage capacity of Sodium Acetate Trihydrate was 2.53 times larger than water and 12.91 times than granite at $57.4^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2009

The detection methods are required to monitor and diagnose the abnormality on the insulation condition inside a gas-insulated switchgear (GIS). Due to a good sensitivity to the products decomposed by partial discharges (PDs) in $SF_6$ gas, the development of a SWNT gas sensor is actively in progress. However, a few numerical studies on the diffusion mechanism of the $SF_6$ decomposition products by PD have been reported. In this study, we modeled $SF_6$ decomposition process in a chamber by calculating temperature, pressure and concentration of the decomposition products by using a commercial CFD program in conjunction with experimental data. It was assumed that the mass production rate and the generation temperature of the decomposition products were $5.04{\times}10^{-10}$ [g/s] and over 773 K respectively. To calculate the concentration equation, the Schmidt number was specified to get the diffusion coefficient functioned by viscosity and density of $SF_6$ gas instead rather than setting it directly. The results showed that the drive potential is governed mainly by the gradient of the decomposition concentration. A lower concentration of the decomposition products was observed as the sensors were placed more away from the discharge region. Also, the concentration increased by increasing the discharge time. By installing multiple sensors the location of PD is expected to be identified by monitoring the response time of the sensors, and the information should be very useful for the diagnosis and maintenance of GIS.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.636-641
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• 2005

Mulberry leaves, high in dietary fiber and some nutritional materials, are thought to have hypocholesterolemic effect. Therefore, effect of mulberry leaf powder on serum lipid profiles were studied using rats with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed AIN-93 diet (control group), and diets containing high-cholesterol and 0% mulberry leaves powder, high-cholesterol and 5% mulberry leaves powder, and high-cholesterol and 10% mulberry leaves powder for 4 weeks. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by adding 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid to all diets except in control group. Although no differences were observed in food intake and initial body weight among groups, mulberry leaf treatment resulted in significant decreases in food efficiency ratio and body weight gain. Mulberry leaf treatment decreased serum lipid profiles, atherogenic index, cardiac risk factor, low density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, serum aspartate transaminase, and liver lipid levels. High density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, serum HDL-cholesterol, and fecal lipid levels increased, suggesting mulberry leaves could improve hyperlipidemia and liver action, thereby proventing cardiovascular disease.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1667-1678
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• 1999

Certain parts of 190 kinds of medicinal herbs and 171 kinds of original materials of food were extracted by methanol. The extracts were tested their microbial inhibition activities against several food spoilage microorganisms, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. The methanol extracts of Cornus officinalis, Evodia officinalis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Salvia miltiorrhiza. Schizandrae fructus, Coptidis rhizoma, aroma hop and bitter hop were shown inhibitory effect on certain species of gram(+) bacteria. Aroma hop and bitter hop were shown inhibitory effect on certain species of gram(-) bacteria. The methanol extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza exhibited a strong antibacterial activities. It was purified by solvent fractionation, silicagel column chromatography, prep. TLC, prep. HPLC. The purified active substance was identified as cryptotanshinone by EIMS, $1^H-NMR,\;{13}^C-NMR$ and DEPT. Cryptotanshinone showed a strong antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria $(MIC\;:\;3.91{\sim}62.50\;{\mu}g/mL)$. Especially, this compound was the most strong activity against Bacillus subtilis $(MIC\;:\;3.91\;{\mu}g/mL)$.