• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 2000

Silk and cotton fabrics were dyed with Parmelia tinctorium that is a kind of lichen. Dyeing solution was prepared by fermentation in aqueous ammonia solution. The effects of pH and temperature in dyebath on dyeability were investigated. The maximum K/S value of each dyed fabrics was showed in 480nm. Silk fabrics showed better dyeability than cotton. Silk fabrics dyed well in acidic or neutral dyebath at $80^\circ{C}$ and cotton fabrics in neutral dyebath at $50^\circ{C}$. Both of silk and cotton fabrics showed poor dyeability in basic dyebath because of colouring anionic groups in lichen. The Munsell values of dyed silk fabrics were appeared in R(red) range, and them of cotton fabrics in YR(yellow-red) range. Light fastnesses of dyed fabrics were as poor as 2 or 2-3 grades. Also, Laundering fastnesses of dyed silk fabrics were as poor as 2 grade and those of cotton fabrics were 3 or 3-4 grades. But dry-cleaning fastnesses of all dyed fabrics were good.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.351-360
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to propose optimal hospitalization fees for nurse staffing levels and to improve the current nursing fee policy. Methods: A break-even analysis was used to evaluate the impact of a nursing fee policy on hospital's financial performance. Variables considered included the number of beds, bed occupancy rate, annual total patient days, hospitalization fees for nurse staffing levels, the initial annual nurses' salary, and the ratio of overhead costs to nursing labor costs. Data were collected as secondary data from annual reports of the Hospital Nursing Association and national health insurance. Results: The hospitalization fees according to nurse staffing levels in general hospitals are required to sustain or decrease in grades 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7, and increase in grades 5 and 6. It is suggested that the range between grade 2 and 3 be sustained at the current level, the range between grade 4 and 5 be widen or merged into one, and the range between grade 6 and 7 be divided into several grades. Conclusion: Readjusting hospitalization fees for nurse staffing level will improve nurse-patient ratio and enhance the quality of nursing care in hospitals. Follow-up studies including tertiary hospitals and small hospitals are recommended.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.75-87
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• 2005

The purpose of this research was to observe the children's perception for divorce remarriage and resilience according to their gender and school grades so that the relation between children's resilience and the perception for parents' divorce and remarriage could be established theoretically, practically and educationally. The subjects were 537 elementary school students who were in 4, 5, 6 grades, The data was collected by a self-administered socio-demographics and children's perceptions for divorce remarriage and resilience. The data from this research were analyzed by using SAS program. The results were as following: 1. The female students had the positive perceptions about divorce even if there was no statistical significant differences in the perception between male and female students, and the more optimistic ideas towards divorce also apply to the higher grade students rather than the lower grade ones. 2. The female students showed more positive perceptions for remarriage more than the male did. There was no statistical significant difference in the general idea about remarriage according to the school grades, but in terms of the absence of children and the financial status, the statistical significant differences existed. 3. The students' resilience was higher in the females rather than in the males and became lower with the grade. 4. There were no relations between divorce remarriage and children's resilience degrees. As mentioned above, the students' perceptions for divorce remarriage and resilience expressed differently according to genders and school grades. The result of this study can be used for the counseling and developing the programs for the families which experience divorce and remarriage.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.233-240
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• 2019

Dyeing is an essential process for improving the value of textile products, but it is considered as one of industries causing pollution because of producing wastewater containing hazardous chemicals as well as using a large amount of water and energy. Global demand for greener technologies in textile field is getting much more attention and accordingly, the use of eco-friendly natural dyes is growing much larger. In textile printing, both dyes and pigments can be used. Pigment printing is more simple process and requires less water and less energy, compared to dye printing. In this study, the organic pigment was prepared from the marigold colorant. Samples were stencil printed, pressed(70℃, 3min) and then heat treated(150℃, 5min). The uptake of polyacrylic acid as a chemical binder was the lowest. In particular, marigold pigments were excellent in color and texture when Guar Gum and Sodium Alginate were used as binders. In addition, the light and washing fastness was rated very high as 4, 4/5 grades, and the rubbing fastness was also excellent as 3 and 4 grades.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.380-386
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• 2013

Background Xanthelasma palpebrarum (XP) is a benign disorder manifesting as yellowish cholesterol-laden plaques on the eyelids. This paper presents the outcomes in patients with XP who have undergone surgical excision as the main modality of treatment. Methods A retrospective review of patients who received surgery for xanthelasma palpebrarum from March 2007 to March 2011 was conducted. Patients were classified into four grades according to the location and extent of the lesion, with grade I being the mildest and grade IV being the most diffuse. Simple excision was performed in grade I and II lesions, while local flaps and skin grafts were performed in the more advanced grades. Results Ninety-five cases from March 2007 to March 2011 were included in this study. 66 cases (70%), were treated by simple excision. Twenty-four cases (25%) and 5 cases (5%) were treated by simple excision in combination with or without local flaps and skin grafts. In approximately 1/4 of the patients, orbicularis oris muscle involvement was observed. 4 patients (4.2%) developed scar contracture postoperatively, which required a secondary procedure. Recurrence was reported in 3 patients (3.1%). Otherwise. There were no other reports of major complications or disfigurement. Conclusions We found that for lesions involving the deep dermis and/or muscle, surgical excision was the most appropriate therapeutic option.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.290-299
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• 2013

This study included 198 patients who underwent prospectively electrocardiogram-triggered high-pitch spiral mode(FLASH mode) in cardiac CT for health check: 123 patients who underwent manual exposure control(Group A) and 75 patients who underwent automatic exposure control(Group B). Patients were classified according to BMI grades: Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3, Grade 4. Radiation dose, objective and subjective image quality between two groups were compared. In Group B, tube voltage were significantly decreased in all BMI grades. Both $CTDI_{vol}$ and effective dose were significantly reduced in the BMI Grade 1, 3, and 4 whereas they were slightly reduced in the Grade 2(p>0.05), SNR was significantly decreased in the Grade 1 and increased in the Grade 3(p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the Grade 2, 4 between the two groups(p>0.05). CNR was significantly decreased in the Grade 1(p<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the Grade 2, 3, 4 between the two groups(p>0.05). The subjective image quality showed no significant difference in all BMI Grades between the two groups(p>0.05). Automatic exposure control can lead to a significant reduction of radiation exposure dose without degradation of subjective image quality.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.897-907
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of individual fatty acid intake and to compare total serum lipid levels and total serum fatty acid composition of elementary school children in Seoul by fish and meat intakes. The subjects were divided into High-Fish / Low-Meat(HFLM, n=49) and Low-Fish/High-Meat(LFHM, n=47) group. The total energy from fat of HFLM and LFHM group was 22.0 and 30.0% respectively. The average intake of cholesterol was 237-287mg in HFLM group and 358-387mg in LFHM group. The average P/M/S ratio for all subjects was 1.1-1.4/1.1 - 1.2/1.0, which was very similar to desired ratio. The $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio of dietary fatty acids of HFLM and LFHM group were 8.0-10.9 and 18.9-29.3 respectively, which in case of LFHM group, was fat beyond the suggested range, 4/1 - 10.1. Serum lipid levels of all subjects fell within the normal range and there was no significant difference in serum lipid levels between HFLM and LFHM groups, except for HDL-cholesterol in upper grades(4th-6th grades). In lower grades(1st-3rd grades), serum PUFA composition of HFLM (40.8%) group was significantly higher than that of LFHM (38.3%) group (p<0.05) and SFA composition of HFLM(33.8%) was significantly lower than that of LFHM group, (p<0.001) between them. The $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio of serum fatty acid tended to be higher in LFHM than in HFLM group but there was no significant difference between two groups. This study suggests that the dietary fat pattern of growing children could affect the change in total serum fatty acid composition though it did not influence serum lipid levels significantly. Energy and EPA intakes were negatively correlated with HDL-cholesterol levels(p<0.05). Serum fatty acid compositions were more closely correlated with serum triglyceride(TG) levels than serum cholesterol levels. Especially, total SFA (p<0.001) and individual SFA, such as C14:0(p<0.001) and C16:0(p<0.001)compositions were positively correlated with serum TG levels, but stearic acid(p<0.01) was negatively correlated with it.

• School Mathematics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.903-922
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• 2016

This paper examined vocabulary in elementary mathematics textbooks and workbooks for the grade band of 3~4. This study focused on the adequacy of vocabulary using 9-degree of semantic difficulty. The results of this study showed that about three to eight percent of vocabulary with difficulty for students in grades 3~4 was employed. Whereas some difficult vocabularies were used along with the picture that helps students understand their meanings, others were presented without any illustrative tools. The most frequent vocabularies in the main activities of the mathematics textbooks included 'investigate', 'represent', 'number', 'how many', and 'method'. Based on these results, this study provides textbook writers with implications on what to further consider in dealing with vocabulary in instructional materials.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.246-260
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• 2022

This study was conducted to analyze the creativity education contents of dance activities in physical education textbooks for the 3rd and 4th grades of elementary school. For this purpose, 16 types of textbooks and auxiliary data for physical education in the 3rd and 4th grades of elementary school were collected and analyzed using the creative education content analysis frame of the physical education textbook based on the 4P model. In order to secure the integrity of the research, expert consultation was operated. The results of this study are as follows. First, from the viewpoint of creative person, 'inquiry' was the most common in creative mind, and the rest of the elements appeared relatively evenly. As for the subject of activity, 'individual' and 'colleague (team)' showed similar frequencies. Second, from the viewpoint of the creative process, all activity areas appeared as 'learning', and most of the elements of the activity purpose appeared evenly, and the creative process was explored. Third, from the viewpoint of creative output, physical activity performance was the most common activity method, and two or three activity methods were used together. In the creativity factor, all factors appeared evenly, and sensitivity and sophistication were the most common with 4 factors. Fourth, from the viewpoint of the creative environment, most of the activity spaces were no restrictions, and the activity media consisted of many educational contents using the body. Through this study, it was requested that creativity education in dance activities should be expanded quantitatively and intensified in quality, and the necessity of spreading creativity education contents of dance activities to other areas was explored.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.125-143
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• 2012

This study is designed to see the characteristics of elementary students' arithmetic error patterns and error rates by going up grades and to draw some implications for effective instruction. For this, 580 elementary students of grade 3-6 are tested with the same subtraction, multiplication and division problems. Their errors are analyzed by the frame of arithmetic error types this study sets. As a result of analysis, it turns out that the children's performance in arithmetic get well as their grades go up and the first learning year of any kind of arithmetic procedures has the largest improvement in arithmetic performance. It is concluded that some arithmetic errors need teachers' caution, but we fortunately find that children's errors are not so seriously systematic and sticky that they can be easily corrected by proper intervention. Finally, several instructional strategies for arithmetic procedures are suggested.