• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.30-40
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• 1997

A computer vision system was built to automatically grade the leaf tobacco. A color image processing algorithm was developed to extract shape, color and texture features. An improved back propagation algorithm in an artificial neural network was applied to grade the Burley type dried leaf tobacco. The success rate of grading in three-grade classification(1, 3, 5) was higher than the rate of grading in six-grade classification(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, off), on the average success rate of both the twenty-five local pixel-set and the sixteen local pixel-set. And, the average grading success rate using both shape and color features was higher than the rate using shape, color and texture features. Thus, the texture feature obtained by the spatial gray level dependence method was found not to be important in grading leaf tobacco. Grading according to the shape, color and texture features obtained by machine vision system seemed to be inadequate for replacing manual grading of Burely type dried leaf tobacco.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 1994

A tobacco ripeness grading meter was designed and constructed using the color sensor, its performance was evaluated. A degree of ripeness grading of a leaf is very closely related to the measured tobacco leaf color. Measuring the small amount of the reflectance precisely depends on the apparatus including color sensor, light source, detector sensitivity, and geometric characteristics of appratus. To analyze and minimize the variational effects, experiments to select the proper condition were performed. Because of the combined effect mentioned above, the system has some variation on its response. Basis on the results of the experiments, prototype was developed and interfaced to a computer system. The main components of prototype included a tungsten lamp as a light source, Amorphous full color sensor with three filters, regulated D.C. power supply, OP - AMP(741 TC) for amplification, AR - B3001 board for interfacing to a computer with analog to digital conversion, and a compatible IBM PC XT computer. The experimental results of the developed ripeness tobacco leaf measurement system are summarized as following: [1] The output readings of ripeness grade meter for tobacco leaf, which is based on harvesting time, showed the apparent difference in variety of different quality. It was considered suitable that three filters(red, green, blue) in Amorphous full color sensor could be used in four different ripeness degree measurement of tobacco leaf. [2] The output readings of ripeness grade meter for tobacco leaf, which is based on government procurement, showed apparent difference in variety of different quality. Tobacco leaf varieties to stalk position are divided into tips, leaf, cutters, and primings, It is considered suitable that only red filter in the sensor could be used to classify the grade of tobacco leaf within the same kind tobacco stalk. However, the ripeness grade meter was not adequate to classify all the tobacco grades in the four different tobacco leaves.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 1996

The ovipositional responses of two strains of the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne F., to thickness, of air- and flue-cured leaf tobacco were investigated. Eggs laid by the strains reared with wheatflour (95%) + yeast (5%) in the laboratory for several years were not different between air - and flue-cured tobacco leaves. There were negative correlations between grades of cured tobacco and ovipositional response, and the regression equation was Y(ovipositional response) : 58.22 - 10.15X(leaf grade). Adults of strains reared on tobacco leaves laid 161.00±80.29 eggs on the first grade of thick flue-cured leaves, and 7.67 ± 5.51 on the second grade of thin air-cured leaves. There was difference in ovipositional responses among different grades within variety, but significant differences were noted between thick and thin tobacco leaves. Key words : ovipositional response, cigarette beetle, Lasiodema sewicome F., tobacco.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.26 no.2 s.52
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• pp.186-192
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• 2004

This study was carried out to analyze the organic acids, polyphenols, pigments and fiber materials concentration with a different stalk position and grade of korean leaf tobaccos. Eight kinds of flue-cured leaf tobaccos which were different stalk position and grade were used for this study. Three kinds of major organic acids(citric, malic and oxalic), 2 kinds of polyphenols(chlorogenic acid and rutin), 3 kinds of pigments($\beta$-carotene, chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b), and 2 kinds of fiber components(pectin and lignin) were analyzed. All of these chemical components were changed with a different stalk position. When the citric acid, malic acid, $\beta-carotene$, chlorophyll-a, and lignin concentration were low in the middle stalk position and high in both bottom and upper position, oxalic acid and chlorogenic acid show the highest concentration in the middle stalk position. All of these chemical components also changed with a different grade of leaf tobaccos. As the citric acid, malic acid, $\beta-carotene$, chlorophyll-b, and lignin concentration decreased as the grade ascended, the oxalic acid and chlorogenic acid concentration increased as the grade ascended. This results assumed that the quality of korean leaf tobacco was directly proportional to oxalic acid and chlorogenic acid concentration but it was inversely proportional to citric acid, malic acid, $\beta-carotene$, chlorophyll-b and lignin concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine the smoke component concentration and the smoke distribution in the cambridge filter pad and cigarette filter with stalk position and grade of Korean leaf tobaccos. 12 grades of flue-cured and burley leaf tobaccos which were taken from the Kim-cheon and Ock-cheon leaf tobacco processing factory were used for this study. Six kinds of smoke components such as tar, nicotine, water, carbon monoxide(CO), carbon dioxide($CO_2$) puff No. collected in the cambridge filter pad and cigarette filter were analyzed. Also, nicotine/tar, CO/tar ratio were calculated from the analytical data. Puff no., CO, and $CO_2$ concentration of flue-cured and burley tobacco leaves at high stalk position were higher than those of low stalk position, and these components were increased in high grade of leaf tobacco. Compared with flue-cured tobacco, burley tobacco showed a little values of puff no., nicotine, and tar concentration. The pH range of burley tobaccos was broader than that of flue-cured tobaccos, and the ammonia concentration of burley tobaccos was significantly higher than that of flue-cured tobaccos. The pH value and ammonia concentration of burley tobaccos were decreased as stalk position of leaf tobaccos decreased. The distribution of smoke components collected in the cambridge filter pad and cigarette filter was different with a different grade and stalk position of tobacco leaves. In high stalk position of tobacco leaves, the portion of smoke components collected in the cambridge filter pad was also increased. The average nicotine, water, and tar removal efficiency by a cigarette filter in a flue-cured tobacco were 37%, 64%, and 48%, respectively. Compared with flue-cured tobaccos, smoke components of burley tobaccos had high nicotine and low water removal efficiency by a cigarette filter. The average ratio of nicotine/tar and CO/tar of flue-cured tobaccos and burley tobaccos were 0.097, 1.22, 0.094, and 0.97, in order. Nicotine/tar ratio was decreased and CO/tar ratio was increased in low stalk position.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.215-219
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• 1984

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of physical and chemical characteristics of lower grade tobacco with treatment of ozone. In ozonization of low grade tobacco, optimum moisture was 20 percentage, and decrease ratio of content of tobacco leaf was 30 percentage in nicotine , 15.9 percentage in total volatile base, 10.5 percentage in petroleum-ether-extract, 29.5 percentage in solanesol, and decrease ratio of cigarette smoke composition was 31 percentage in nicotine, 6.08 percentage in tar.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11c
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• pp.569-577
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• 2000

The position of tobacco leaves is affluence to the quality. To evaluate its quality, sample leaves was collected according to the position of attachment. In Korea, the position was divided into four classes such as high, middle, low and inside positioned leaves. Until now, the grade of standard sample was determined by human expert from korea ginseng and tobacco company. Many research were done by the chemical and spectrum analysis using NIR and computer vision. The grade of tobacco leaves mainly classified into 5 grades according to the attached position and its chemical composition. In high and low positioned leaves shows a low level grade under grade 3. Generally, inside and medium positioned leaf has a high level grade. This is the basic research to develop a real time tobacco leaves grading system combined with portable NIR spectrum analysis system. However, this research just deals with position recognition and grading using the color machine vision. The RGB color information was converted to HSI image format and the sample was all investigated using the bundle of tobacco leaves. Quality grade and position recognition was performed through well known general error back propagation neural network. Finally, the relationship about attached leaf position and its grade was analyzed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2004

This study was conducted to get the informations for reducing the variation of chemical contents of leaf tobacco. The contents and variations of some chemical constituents of leaf(Leaf, Grade 2) produced in various growing areas from 1999 to 2003 and the effects of meteorological factors on the chemical constituents of leaf were analysed. The contents of analysed constituents of leaf showed high significant differences among crop years in flue-cured and burley, particularly the variation among crop years were higher in chlorine and nicotine contents while lower in total nitrogen content. There were significant differences among growing areas in nicotine and total sugar contents of flue-cured leaf and chlorine content of burley leaf. The total sugar content were negatively correlated to the nicotine and total nitrogen contents in flue-cured leaf. The average air temperature in June and July were positively correlated to the nicotine content of leaf while negatively to total sugar, and the precipitation in May were negatively correlated to the nicotine while positively to total sugar.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 1991

The moisture contents of threshed leaf tobacco during aging storage were very important factor for the improvement or deterioration of leaf quality. Decay and carbonization of leaf tobacco were mainly controlled by moisture contents during storage. The influence of moisture contents on the decay and carbonization of threshed leaf tobacco (Flue-Cured, Var. NC 82. AB3O-1 grade) were examined during 1 year. The moisture contents of leaf tobacco were treated to 3 kg as 12% (controle), 16%, 20% and 24% after redrying, respectively, These tobacco were put into center of carton box containing about 200kg with 12%'s tobacco, and then packed and stored from June, 1988 under natural weather condition in warehouse at Ock-Cheon threshing plant. Samples were taken from dissected carton box at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7 and 12 months after moisture treatment and Racking time, and some chemical properties were investigated at every sampling time. In results of inducement to decay and carbonization of leaf tobaccos during 1 year's storage by moisture treatment. decayed leaf was appeared but carbonized leaf did not. Calorification and decayed leaf occurred at high moisture contents above 20%, and these phenomena were appeared between 30 and 150 days after moisture treatment and packing. High moisture content leaves (above 20%) caused nearby other leaves to be sunk with high moisture content. Nicotine and calcium contents were increased to 20%~30% and 10%~22%, respectively, but total sugar contents was decreased to 40%~60% by moisture treatment(20% ~24% ).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of free sugars, non-volatile organic and fatty acids in flue-cured leaf tobacco during aging. The threshed leaf tobacco(B1O and C1L) produced in 2002 crop year was aged for 21 month in warehouse of Oc-Cheon Leaf Tobacco Processing Factory. The leaf tobacco were sampled at three month intervals for analysis of free sugars, non-volatile organic and fatty acids. The major free sugars of flue-cured were glucose and fructose regardless of tobacco grades. After aging period of 21 months, the contents of glucose and fructose showed a tendency to slightly decrease, and there was no appreciable change in the contents of sucrose in B1O and C1L grades. The major compound of non-volatile organic acid and fatty acid were malic, oxalic and citric, linolenic, linoleic and palmitic acid regardless of tobacco grade. After aging period of 21 months, the contents of malic, malonic, oxalic and fumaric acid showed a tendency to slightly decrease, whereas succinic acid was slightly increased, and maleic acid was not changed in B1O and C1L grades. The decreases in fatty acid contents in B1O and C1L grade tobacco loaves after 21 month aging were 16.5% and 9.8%, respectively. The decreases in linolenic acid contents in two grades were the highest, showing 22.1% and 12.0% reduction after 21 month aging.