• 열처리공학회지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.31-39
• /
• 1999

In the present study, oxidation behavior of 304 and 316 stainless steels was investigated. After solution treatment, specimens were polished up to $1{\mu}m$ $Al_2O_3$ grade and then subjected to oxidation treatment in dry air. The range of temperature was used for oxidation treatment at $300^{\circ}C{\sim}500^{\circ}C$ and TEM was used for analyzing the components and structure of oxide film. Also, these results were compared with the results of ESCA and TG. According to the results of TEM analysis, it was found that Cr oxide film was formed on top of the surface after room temperature oxidation but amorphous Fe oxide was formed on top of the surface and polycrystalline $(Cr,Fe)_2O_3$ was formed below the amorphous Fe oxide layer after $500^{\circ}C$ oxidation treatment. The oxidized specimens at $500^{\circ}C$ showed that 316 stainless steel resists more strongly to grain and grain boundary oxidation than 304 stainless steel. These results suggested that Mo component resolved in 316 stainless steel matrix suppressed the formation of Cr carbide which may results in local Cr deplete area.

• 한국학교보건학회지
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.122-132
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of cooperative learner-centered methods of sex education. Methods: This study was carried out on 5th grade elementary school students in D-district. Nine classes were divided into 3 groups using each different teaching methods: group A (a cooperative learning), group B (a lecture) and group C (a control group for a comparison). The study period was from Oct. 17 to Dec. 2 in 2011. Both groups A and B received sex education lessons for 40 minutes for 4 weeks and were tested their sex knowledge and attitude to compare the differences. Results: The scores of sex knowledge for all three groups were increased and their sex attitude was increased as well. The points of sex knowledge between pre and post test in group A are greater than the group B's. Thus, the cooperative learning approach with Group A was more effective to improve student's sex knowledge. But the difference between the sex attitude scores was not statistically significant. Group A and B showed a positive improvement in both their sex knowledge and attitudes compared with the control group. Conclusion: This experiment shows that an active teaching methods is more effective to improve student sex knowledge than a passive approach. Thus, a cooperative learning method results in increases of both student's sex knowledge and interests in learning sex education. It needs to develop more diverse teaching methods and programs on sex education that are more systematic and tailored.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제60권5호
• /
• pp.534-539
• /
• 2017

Objective : Patients with hematological malignancies frequently encounter spine-related symptoms, which are caused by disease itself or process of treatment. However, there is still lack of knowledge on their epidemiology and clinical courses. The purpose of this article is to review clinical presentations and surgical results for spinal involvement of hematologic malignancies. Methods : From January 2011 to September 2014, 195 patients (98 males and 97 females) suffering from hematological malignancies combined with spinal problems were retrospectively analyzed for clinical and radiological characteristics and their clinical results. Results : The most common diagnosis of hematological malignancy was multiple myeloma (96 patients, 49.7%), followed by chronic myeloid leukemia (30, 15.2%), acute myeloid leukemia (22, 11.2%), and lymphoma (15, 7.56%). The major presenting symptoms were mechanical axial pain (132, 67.7%) resulting from pathologic fractures, and followed by radiating pain (49, 25.1%). Progressive neurologic deficits were noted in 15 patients (7.7%), which revealed as cord compression by epidural mass or compressive myelopathy combined with pathologic fractures. Reconstructive surgery for neurologic compromise was done in 16 patients. Even though surgical intervention was useful for early paralysis (Frankel grade D or E), neurologic recovery was not satisfactory for the progressed paralysis (Frankel grade A or B). Conclusion : Hematological malignancies may cause various spinal problems related to disease progression or consequences of treatments. Conservative and palliative treatments are mainstay for these lesions. However, timely surgical interventions should be considered for the cases of pathologic fractures with progressive neurologic compromise.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.77-88
• /
• 2005

Scoria의 입자도를 달리하여 양돈사료내 첨가급여시 돼지의 성장효과, 사료이용성, 도체 특성 그리고 분중의 주요 오염물질인 질소와 인의 함량에 미치는 영향을 비교하기 위하여 시 험을 실시하였다. 대조구(기초사료)와 대조구 사료의 $3\%$ 수준을 500, 1,000, 1,700 ${\mu}m$로 제조된 scoria로 대체하여 배합된 사료로 나누어 급여한 처리 등 모두 4처리를 두어 143일간 사양시험을 실시하였는데 각 처리당 3반복(반복당 male 4, 거세돈 3두)으로 총 84두의 이유자돈을 완전임의 배치하였다. 시험종료 후 전두수를 축협공판장(등급판정소)에서 돼지등급판정 기준에 의해 도체등급을 조사하였고, 육색은 Chromameter를 사용하였으며, 분중의 질소와 인의 함량은 A.O.A.C 분석법 (1990)에 따라 분석하였다. 이러한 방법에 의해 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 자돈기에는 scoria 첨가구 모두가 대조구에 비해 증체량이 낮았고, 사료요구율은 높았으며 육성기에는 scoria 입자도 $1,700\;{\mu}m$ 급여구가 증체량 및 사료효율이 가장 높았고, 비육기에서는 $1,000\;{\mu}m$ 입자도 첨가구가 일당증체량이 높고 사료요구율이 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 전기간($0{\sim}143$일) 동안을 비교하면 scoria 입자도 $1,000\;{\mu}m$가 증체량 및 사료효율면에서 $1,700\;{\mu}m$ 보다 유리하였다. 2. 도체중은 모든 scoria 첨가구가 유의적 (P<0.05)으로 높았으나, scoria 입자도간 차이는 없었다. 그리고 등지방두께는 처리간 차이가 없었고, 도체등급에서 A+B 등급인 상등급 출현율은 대조구에 비해 scoria 첨가구가 월등히 증가하였으며, scoria 입자도간에는 $500\;{\mu}m$가 A등급 출현율이 가장 높았다. 3. 돼지고기의 육색은 명도(L값)의 경우는 대조구가 약간 높았으나 $1,000\;{\mu}m$ 및 $1,700\;{\mu}m$ 입자도와는 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, 적색도(a값)는 scoria 입자도 $1,000\;{\mu}m$ 급여구에서 가장 높게 나타났고, 황색도(b값)에서는 처리간 차이가 없었다. 4. 분중의 총질소 함량은 육성기에서 scoria 입자도 $1,000\;{\mu}m$ 급여구가, 비육기에서는 scoria 입자도 $1,700\;{\mu}m$ 급여가 가장 감소효과가 컸고, 인의 함량은 자돈기에서 scoria 입자도간 차이는 없었으나, 육성기와 비육기에는 각각 $1,700\;{\mu}m,\;1,000{\mu}m$의 scoria 입자도에서 배설량 감소효과가 낮았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제19권11호
• /
• pp.1638-1642
• /
• 2006

An experiment was conducted to elucidate the effect of graded levels of vitamin $D_3$ in White Leghorn (WL) layer breeders on egg production, shell quality, hatchability of eggs and juvenile performance of offspring during their late laying period (72-88 wk). White Leghorn breeder females were randomly divided into 5 groups of 50 each and were housed in individual California cages in an open-side housing system. Considering birds in five cages as a replicate, 10 such replicates were randomly allotted to each treatment. A basal diet was formulated containing all the nutrients as recommended for WL layers except vitamin $D_3$, which served as control. Another, four diets were formulated by supplementing graded levels of feed grade crystalline cholecalciferol to the basal diet that contained 300, 600, 1,200 and 2,400 ICU of vitamin $D_3$ per kg. Each diet was offered ad libitum to one of the above five treatment groups. The egg production, egg weight, daily feed consumption and the feed intake per dozen eggs or kg egg mass of the birds fed diet without any supplemental vitamin $D_3$ was comparable with those of supplemental groups. Similarly, the level of vitamin in the diet did not have any effect on any of the above parameters. However, the specific gravity of eggs laid by the birds fed the diet without supplemental vitamin $D_3$ was comparable with either 600 or 2,400 ICU supplemental groups but significantly higher when compared to the 300 and 1,200 ICU groups. The egg -shell breaking strength was significantly lowered in the 600 ICU supplemental groups as compared to the strength of other dietary groups. The Haugh unit, egg shell weight, shell thickness, tibia breaking strength, bone ash and calcium content were not influenced by vitamin $D_3$ concentration in the diet. Serum Ca concentration was influenced by vitamin $D_3$ level in the diet. The serum Ca concentration of birds fed either control or the vitamin supplemented diet up to 1200 ICU/kg diet was comparable. However, increasing the concentration of vitamin $D_3$ to 2,400 ICU/kg diet significantly enhanced the concentration of Ca in the serum, which was significantly higher compared to other dietary groups. The serum concentration of P and protein, however, was not influenced by level of vitamin $D_3$ in the diet. Neither fertility nor hatchability was influenced by vitamin $D_3$ concentration in the diet. Feeding a vitamin $D_3$ deficient diet or supplementation of vitamin to hens did not have any influence on their progeny chicks. It can be concluded that dietary supplementation of vitamin $D_3$ may not be essential for optimum production, shell quality, hatchability, and juvenile performance of WL breeders during 72 to 88 weeks of age.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.66-70
• /
• 2022

Purpose: A group of patients who were hospitalized for diabetic foot ulcers was classified according to the University of Texas Staging System for Diabetic Foot Ulcers, and we attempted to evaluate whether this staging system could be a criterion for treatment success using vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) technique. Materials and Methods: A total of 32 patients were diagnosed with diabetic foot ulcers according to the University of Texas Staging System for Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Of these, 24 patients who were evaluated as stage B according to the staging system were classified as Group 1, and 8 patients in stage D were classified as Group 2. After applying VAC, the treatment success rate was compared by evaluating the size and severity of ulcers between the two groups. Results: The grade of granulation after VAC was on average 3.75±0.53 in Group 1 and 2.25±0.71 in Group 2. There was better granulation after VAC application in Group 1 (p<0.01). The success rate of the treatment was 22 cases (91.67%) in Group 1 and one case (12.5%) in Group 2. Thus there were statistically significant differences in the success rate of treatment between groups 1 and 2 (Pearson's chisquare test, p=0.01; odd ratio 77.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26~14.66; relative risk 4.30, 95% CI 1.26~14.66). Conclusion: These results suggest that there was a higher success rate of treatment with VAC in stage B patients. The University of Texas Staging System for Diabetic Foot Ulcers can thus be an index for applying VAC to patients with infective diabetic foot ulcers.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.77-85
• /
• 2020

본 연구는 학생들의 성장에 따른 미디어 교육 활용 특성 종단적 변화를 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 미디어의 교육적 활용 특성을 학습이용, 정보이용, 그리고 게임이용으로 구분하였다. 잠재성장모형을 적용하여 학습이용, 정보이용, 게임이용의 종단적 변화를 탐색하였다. 이후 3가지 미디어 교육적 활용 특성의 종단적 변화에서 성별 차이를 검증하였다. 한국청소년패널조사(KYPS)의 중등2패널을 활용하여 4년간 반복 추적 조사한 3,499명의 데이터를 분석하였다. 연구결과 (a) 학년이 증감함으로써 미디어의 학습이용과 정보이용의 변화율은 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. (b) 여학생의 미디어 학습이용과 정보이용의 초기치와 변화율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. (c) 학년이 증가함으로써 미디어의 게임이용은 변화율이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. (d) 미디어 게임이용에서는 초기치에는 남학생이 여학생보다 높은 것으로 나타났으나, 변화율에는 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다.

• 초등상담연구
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.151-165
• /
• 2011

본 연구는 초등학생의 또래하위집단 분류에 대한 사회인지도를 나타내어주는 SCM의 방법이 교사의 관찰 분류와 일치하는지를 알아보는데 그 목적을 두었다. 이를 위하여 본 연구의 연구 대상으로 부산광역시 B구에 소재한 D초등학교 3학년(중학년)과 5학년(고학년)이며 한 학년당 2학급을 선정하였다. 인원은 각 학년당 남녀 각각 30명 이상을 대상으로 했으며 사회적 연결망 질문지를 통해 자료를 수집했다. 연구 대상 아동들의 사회적 연결망 질문지의 결과를 SCM 4.0 분석 프로그램에 입력하여 학급내 또래하위집단 분류를 실시하였다. 아동들의 지각에 근거한 SCM 4.0 분석 프로그램에 의한 또래하위집단 분류 결과를 담임 교사에게 보고한 후, SCM에 의한 또래하위집단 분류 결과를 바탕으로 담임 교사가 학급내 또래하위집단을 관찰하였다. 교사 관찰에 의한 또래하위집단 분류가 종료된 후, 아동들의 지각에 의한 SCM 4.0 분석 프로그램의 또래하위집단 분류와 교사 관찰에 의한 또래하위집단 분류 간의 일치도를 알아보기 위해 관찰자간의 일치도를 분석해보았다. 그 결과 학년이나 성별에 관계없이 관찰자간의 일치도가 80%이상으로 분석되었다. 일반적으로 관찰자 간의 신뢰도(IOR; interobserver reliability)가 80-100% 범위에 있을 때 양호한 것으로 평가되므로(Martin & Pear, 2003), 교사관찰에 의한 또래하위집단 분류와 아동들의 지각에 근거한 SCM 4.0 분석 프로그램에 의한 또래하위집단 분류 간의 일치도는 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 SCM에 의한 또래하위집단 분류는 한국의 아동들에 대한 또래하위집단 분류에서도 유의미하며, SCM 4.0 분석 프로그램을 사용하여 학급내 또래하위집단을 분류할 때 학년에 따라 혹은 성별에 따라 조건을 달리 적용하여 분류하는 것이 더욱더 적합할 가능성을 보여주었다. 또한, 여학생의 또래하위집단 분류는 남학생의 또래하위집단 분류보다 좀 더 정확하게 분류되는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.207-212
• /
• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of different lupin kernel levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing pigs. In experiment 1, a total of 54 barrows and 54 growing gilts, with an average initial body weight of $24.7{\pm}0.38kg$, was used to determine the effect of different lupin kernel levels (0, 10% and 20%; Control, LK10 and LK20, respectively) in the diets on growth performance with a $3{\times}3$ randomized complete block design for 35 days. There were no significant differences in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed:gain among treatments. In experiment 2, a total of 54 barrows and 36 finishing gilts, with an average initial body weight of $63.0{\pm}0.56kg$, was used to determine the effect of different lupin kernel levels (0, 15% and 30%; Control, LK15 and LK30, respectively) in the diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics with a $3{\times}3$ randomized complete block design for 63 days. LK30 decreased ADG and ADFI compared with the Control and LK15 (p<0.05). However, LK30 tended to improve feed:gain compared with the Control and LK15. And LK15 did not differ from the Control in ADG, ADFI and feed:gain. With inclusion of lupin kernel in the finishing diet, backfat thickness increased (p<0.01) and carcass grade tended to be improved compared with the Control.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제22권6호
• /
• pp.772-777
• /
• 2012

실험동물은 생후 4주령 Sprague Dawley계 수컷 흰쥐 24마리로 흑마늘운동군(6마리), 운동군(6마리), 흑마늘군(6마리), 대조군(6마리)으로 총 24마리로 구분하여 운동은 총 4주간 트레드밀로 실시하였으며, 시료 채취 하기 바로 직전에 고강도 운동을 실시하였다. 흑마늘 섭취는 흑마늘진액을 구강 투여시켰으며, 연구결과 다음과 같다. 4주간의 흑마늘 투여와 유산소운동 후 고강도 운동을 실시하였을 때 TBARS 농도는 흑마늘운동군이 흑마늘군, 운동군과 대조군에 비해 유의하게 낮았다. 흑마늘군과 운동군은 대조군에 비해 유의하게 낮았다. HSP 70 발현은 흑마늘섭취군이 다른군에 비해 상대적으로 낮게 나타났다. COX-2 발현은 모든군에서 비슷한 발현을 보이고 있으며 규칙적인 운동과 흑마늘 섭취는 산화적 스트레스를 줄일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.