• 한국연초학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.186-192
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• 2004

This study was carried out to analyze the organic acids, polyphenols, pigments and fiber materials concentration with a different stalk position and grade of korean leaf tobaccos. Eight kinds of flue-cured leaf tobaccos which were different stalk position and grade were used for this study. Three kinds of major organic acids(citric, malic and oxalic), 2 kinds of polyphenols(chlorogenic acid and rutin), 3 kinds of pigments($\beta$-carotene, chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b), and 2 kinds of fiber components(pectin and lignin) were analyzed. All of these chemical components were changed with a different stalk position. When the citric acid, malic acid, $\beta-carotene$, chlorophyll-a, and lignin concentration were low in the middle stalk position and high in both bottom and upper position, oxalic acid and chlorogenic acid show the highest concentration in the middle stalk position. All of these chemical components also changed with a different grade of leaf tobaccos. As the citric acid, malic acid, $\beta-carotene$, chlorophyll-b, and lignin concentration decreased as the grade ascended, the oxalic acid and chlorogenic acid concentration increased as the grade ascended. This results assumed that the quality of korean leaf tobacco was directly proportional to oxalic acid and chlorogenic acid concentration but it was inversely proportional to citric acid, malic acid, $\beta-carotene$, chlorophyll-b and lignin concentration.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.10-15
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• 2006

$1^+$등급과 3등급의 우육안심을 함기포장한 후 $1^{\circ}C$에서 저장하면서 이화학적, 미생물학적 품질변화를 측정하였다. 조지방의 경우 $1^+$등급 우육이 3등급 우육에 비해 높은 지방함유율을 나타내었고, 냉장중 조지방의 변화는 저장초기부터 저장 21일째까지 뚜렷한 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 수분함량의 경우 $1^+$등급 우육이 3등급 우육에 비해 낮게 나타났으며 $1^+$등급과 3등급 우육의 저장기간 동안 수분 함량은 뚜렷한 변화를 나타내지 않았다. $1^+$등급 우육의 총균수는 저장 21일째 약 $10^6\;CFU/cm^2$ 이하를 나타낸 반면 3등급 우육은 $10^8\;CFU/cm^2$을 나타내었다. 휘발성 염기태 질소 함량(VBN)은 저장기간 동안 $1^+$등급 우육에 비해 3등급 우육이 높게 나타났다. drip 발생량은 저장 14일째 $1^+$등급, 3등급 우육 각각 4.19%와 6.06%로 3등급 우육의 drip량이 현저히 높게 나타났다. a 값과 b값은 저장 전기간 동안 $1^+$등급 우육이 3등급 우육에 비해 높은 값을 나타내었고, b 값은 저장 21일째까지 b 값은 저장기간이 경과할수록 낮아지는 경향을 나타내었으나 저장 28일째의 $1^+$등급 우육과 3등급 우육은 각각 3.83, 2.60의 b 값 을 나타내어 저장 초기의 4.42, 3.22보다는 b 값이 감소하였으나 유의적인 차이(p<0.05)는 관찰되지 않았다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1333-1337
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• 2014

Background: Astrocytic tumors, the most common primary glial tumors of the central nervous system, are classified from low to high grade according to the degree of anaplasia and presence of necrosis. Despite advances in therapeutic management of high grade astrocytic tumors, prognosis remains poor. In the present study, the frequency and prognostic significance of c-erb-B2 in astrocytic tumors was investigated. Materials and Methods: Records of 72 patients with low- and high-grade astrocytic tumors were evaluated. The expression of C-erbB-2 was determined immunohistochemically and intensity was recorded as 0 to 3+. Tumors with weak staining (1+) or no staining (0) were considered Her-2 negative, while tumors with moderate (2+) and strong (3+) staining were considered Her-2 positive. Results: Of the 72 patients, 41 (56.9%) had glioblastoma (GBM), 10 (13.9%) had diffuse astrocytoma, 15 (20.8%) had anaplastic astrocytoma, 6 (8.3%) had pilocytic astrocytoma. C-erbB-2 overexpression was detected in the tumor specimens of 17 patients (23.6%). Six (8.3%) tumors, all GBMs, exhibited strong staining, 2 (2.7%) specimens, both GBMs, exhibited moderate staining, and 9 specimens, 5 of them GBMs (12.5%), exhibited weak staining. No staining was observed in diffuse astrocytoma and pilocytic astrocytoma specimens. Median overall survival of patients with C-erbB-2 negative and C-erbB-2 positive tumors were 30 months (95%CI: 22.5-37.4 months) and 16.9 months (95%CI: 4.3-29.5 months), respectively (p=0.244). Conclusions: Although there was no difference in survival, C-erbB-2 overexpression was observed only in the GBM subtype.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.29-40
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• 1971

Oxygen consumption, pulmonary ventilation, heart rate, and breathing frequency were measured on 8 men walking on a treadmill carrying load of 9 kg on hand, back, or head. Besides measurements were made on subjects carrying loads of 2.6 kg each on both feet. The speed of level walking was 4, 5, and 5.5km/hr and a fixed speed off km/hr with grades of 0, 3, 6, and 9%. Comparisons were made between free walking without load and walking with various types of loads. The following results were obtained. 1. In level or uphill walking the changes in oxygen consumption, pulmonary ventilation, breathing frequency and heart rate were smallest in back load walking, and largest in hand load walking. The method of back load was most efficient and hand load was the least efficient. The energy cost in head load walking was smaller than that of in hand load walking. It was assumed that foot load costed more energy than hand load. 2. In level walking the measured parameters increased abruptly at the speed of 5.5 km/hr. Oxygen consumption in a free walking at 4 km/hr was 11.4ml/kg b.wt., and 13.1 ml/kg b.wt. 5.5 km/hr, and in a hand load walking at 4 km/hr was 13.9, and 18.8 ml/kg b. wt. at 5.5 km/hr. 3. In uphill walking oxygen consumption and other parameters increased abruptly at the grade of 6%. Oxygen consumption at 4 km/hr and 0% grade was 11.4 ml/kg b. wt., 13.6 at 6% grade, and 16.21/kg b. wt. at 9% grade in a free walking. In back load walking oxygen consumption at 4km/hr and 0% grade was 12.3 ml/kg b.wt.,14.9 at 6% grade, and 18.7 ml/kg b.wt. In hand load walking the oxygen consumption was the greatest, namely, 13.9 at 0% grade, 17.9 at 6%, and 20.0 ml/kg b. wt. at 9% grade. 4. Both in level and uphill walking the changes in pulmonary ventilation and heart rate paralleled with oxygen consumption. 5. The changes in heart rate and breathing frequency in hand load were characteristic. Both in level and uphill walk breathing frequency increased to 30 per minute when a load was held on hand and showed a small increase as the exercise became severe. In the other method of load carrying the Peak value of breathing frequency was less than 30 Per minute. Heart rate showed 106 beats/minute even at a speed of 4 km/hr when a load was held on hand, whereas, heart rate was between, 53 and 100 beats/minute in the other types of load carriage. 6. Number of strides per minute in level walking increased as the speed increased. At the speed floater than 5 km/hr number of strides per minute of load carrying walk was greater than that of free walking. In uphill walk number of strides per minute decreased as the grade increased. Number of strides in hand load walk was greatest and back load walk showed the same number of strides as the free walk.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6351-6356
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• 2013

Background: Goshajinkigan (GJG) is used for the treatment of several neurological symptoms. We investigated the efficacy of GJG and mecobalamin (B12) against neurotoxicity associated with docetaxel (DOC) in breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: Sixty breast cancer patients were treated with DOC. Thirty-three patients (GJG group) received oral administration of 7.5 g/day GJG and 27 patients (B12 group) received oral administration of 1500 ${\mu}g/day$ B12. Neuropathy was evaluated according to DEB-NTC (Neurotoxicity Criteria of Debiopharm), Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTC) ver. 3.0, and a visual analogue scale (VAS). This study employed a randomized open design. Results: The incidence of neuropathy was 39.3% in the GJG group, and 88.9% in the B12 group (p<0.01). In the GJG group, grade 1 DEB-NTC was observed in 2 cases, grade 2 in 5 cases and grade 3 in 5 cases. Grade 1 NCI-CTC was observed in 7 cases, grade 2 in 6 cases, and VAS was $2.7{\pm}2.2$. In the B12 group, grades 1, 2 and 3 DEB-NTC were observed in one case, 12 cases and 12 cases, respectively; and grades 1, 2 and 3 NCI-CTC were observed in 11 cases, 12 cases and one case, and VAS was $4.9{\pm}2.4$. Conclusions: Concomitant administration of GJG is useful in preventing neuropathy in breast cancer patients treated with a DOC regimen.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.290-299
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• 2013

건강검진 목적으로 심장 CT검사를 시행한 198명의 대상자 중 수동노출조절 방법(n=123)의 대조군과 자동노출조절 방법(n=75)의 실험군으로 BMI에 따라 Grade 1(BMI < 23kg/$m^2$), Grade 2(23 $$\leq_-$$ BMI < 25kg/$m^2$), Grade 3(25 $$\leq_-$$ BMI < 30kg/$m^2$), Grade 4(30 $$\leq_-$$ BMI kg/$m^2$)로 분류하고 영상의 질을 객관적, 주관적 평가로 분석하였고 방사선량을 비교하였다. 자동노출조절 방법을 사용하였을 때 모든 Grade에서 관전압이 유의하게 감소하였고, $CTDI_{vol}$, effective dose 값은 Grade 2에서는 통계적으로 유의하지 않게 감소하였으나 Grade 1, 3, 4에서는 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.05). SNR은 Grade 1에서 유의하게 감소하였고 Grade 3에서는 유의하게 증가하였지만(p<0.05) Grade 2와 4에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). CNR은 Grade 1에서 유의하게 감소하였고(p<0.05), Grade 2, 3, 4에서는 유의한 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 영상의 주관적인 평가에서도 두 그룹간의 모든 Grade에서 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 결론적으로 자동노출조절 방법은 수동노출조절 방법에 비해 영상의 주관적 평가는 변하지 않으면서도 피폭선량을 줄일 수 있는 유용한 방법으로 나타났다.

• 대한추나의학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2005

Objective : The study aims to find out the effects of Chuna treatment on neck pain. Methods: Out of 40 neck pain people, we divided 20 people in group A was treated Acupuncture and China, 20 people in group B was treated Acupuncture. We measured Visual Analog Scale(VAS) and symptom grade before and after treatment in each group's. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS program. Results : 1. Symptom grade III was the highest frequency before treatment in Group A and Group B. After treatment, grade 0 was The highest frequency in Group A But grade 0, II were the highest frequency in Group B. 2. Group A was Significantly decreased in VAS compared with Group B. Conclusion: These results suggest that Chuna treatment is useful on the patients of neck pain.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.300-314
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• 1993

Periodontal disease research has been focused on understanding the immunopathologic mechanisms which may operate in the development and maintenance of peiodontal inflammatory changes. Immunologic and inflammatory responses may relate to the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease. In order to research immunopathology of periodontal disease, previous investigators have spent much time on the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations and NK cells but they have spent less time on the changes of those cells to the periodontal disease severity. The purpose of study was performed to investigate the changes of the distribution of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, T lymphocyte subsets, and Natural Killer cells in the gingival epithelium and connective tissue of the periodontal disease with the various clinical parameters including Gingival Index, Sulcular Bleeding Index, and pocket depth. Gingival tissues were obtained from 25 patients with different severity of periodontal disease. Serial cryostat sections displaying a cross section of gingiva were labelled with monoclonal antibody for pan T cells, T cytotoxic/suppressor cells, T helper/inducer cells, pan B cells, and NK cells were develped using an avidin-biotin-peroxidase system. Lymphocyte populations were enumerated in repeatable fields from gingival section. 1. T cells were more increased at grade 1 and 3 than at grade 0 of gingival index (p<0.05). Helper T cells and NK cells were significantly increased at grade 1, 2, 3 than at grade 0(p<0.05). 2. T cells were more decreased at grade 3 and 4 than at grade 1 of sulcular bleeding index (p<0.01, p<0.05). Especially, Natural Killer cells were significantly increased at grade 1, 2, 3, 4 than at grade 0 (p<0.05, p<0.001). 3. The ratios of helper T/suppressor T cells were more decreased at grade 4 than at grade 0 and at grade 4 than at grade 2 of sulcular bleeding index (p<0.05, p<0.05). 4. Helper T cells were significantly decreased at grade II and III than at grade I, however the Natural Killer cells showed a increasing tendency with the increase of the pocket depth, there were no significant differences between each grade of pocket depth. 5. The ratios of helper T/suppressor T cells were tended to be decreased with the increase of the pocket depth, there were no significant differences between each grades of pocket depth. There was a very weak change in the distribution of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, T lymphocyte subsets, and Natural Killer cells in the gingival epithelium and connective tissue of the periodontal lesion with the various clinical parameters including gingial index, sulcular bleeding index, and pocket depth. But, the number of T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells were significantly changed in gingival index and sulcular bleeding index.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.73-78
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• 1992

현재, 동결 surimi의 품질 각정의 기준으로 사용되고 있는 pH, 수분함량, 백도, 협잡물 및 젤리 강도를 연제품의 원료 단계인 surimi의 품질 판정지표로 사용하기에는 과학성이 결여되어 있을 뿐만 아니라 부적당한 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 연제품의 생명인 결착력에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 동결 surimi 단백질의 양부의 정도를 정확하게 판정할 수 있는 과학적인 지푤글 모색하기 위하여, 등급별로 분류되어 있는 동결 surimi를 시료로 하여 단백질의 변성 정도를 나타내는 $Ca^{2+}-,\;Mg^{2+}-$ EDTA-APTase 활성, 용해도 및 점도 그리고 신선도의 지표로 사용되고 있는 K값과 현재 동결 surimi의 등급별 분류지표로서 사용되고 있는 젤리 강도를 비교 검토하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. $Ca^|{2+}-$ATPase 생활과 동결 surimi의 젤리 강도는 깊은 상관 계수를 나타내었으며, 상관 계수(r)는 0.9584였다. 각등급의 생활값은 SA grade $1.184\pm0.12$, FA grade $0.956\pm0.14$, A grade $0.766\pm0.07$, RA grade $0.453\pm0.07$ 및 B grade $0.227\pm0.08({\mu}moles\;Pi/min/mg)$이었다. $Mg^{2+}-$ 및 EDTA-ATPase 활성과 젤리 강도와의 상관 관계는 상관계수(r)가 각각 0.8532, 0.7624로 $Ca^{2+}-$ATPase 생활과 젤리 강도와의 상관 계수에 비하여 낮은 상관 관계를 나타내었다. 용해도는 동결 surimi 각등급간의 젤리 강도와 밀접한 상관 관계를 나타내었으며 상관 계수(r)는 0.9849였다. SA grade에 $93.19\pm5\%$로 가장 높았고 FA grade $84.62\pm4\%,\;A\;grade\;70.63\pm5\%,\;RA\;grade\;41.21\pm4\%$이었고 B grade $32.82\pm4\%$로 각 등급별 품질의 차이를 잘 나타내었다. K-value는 상관 계수(r)가 0.9053으로 상관성을 나타내었으며, SA grade $15.67\pm1.4\%,\;FA\;grade\;14.94\pm3\%,\;A\;grade\;28.00\pm55\%,\;RA\;grade\;32.16\pm3\%,\;B\;grade\;48.78\pm5\%$로 등급이 낮을수록 K-value는 높은 값을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과에서, 현재까지의 동결 surimi의 등급별 분류 index로 사용되고 있는 jelly strength, 수분 함량, pH, 백도 및 협잡물에 대신할 원료 surimi 자체의 양부를 결정할 과학적인 지표로서 단백질 변성 정도를 나태는 $Ca^{2+}-$ATPase 활성 및 용해도가 사용할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.15-21
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• 1983

Preparing for treatment and management of the emulsified fuel oil which will be generalized henceforth, this paper is an attempt to examine the viscosity-temperature characteristics of emulsified heavy fuel oil which is mixed with water and emulsifier in various mixture ratio by mechanical mixer. The experimental results are summarized as follows: 1. The viscosity-temperature characteristics of the emulsified C & B grade heavy fuel oil mixed with water of same or less weight, is changed according to log.log(v+0.6)=b-3.8log T. 2. The emulsifier has to be added to the emulsified A grade heavy fuel oil mixed with water of same or less weight, because it is instable. Especially if the emulsifier is sodium stearate, it is added more than 0.3% of the weight of oil and water. 3. In the emulsified A grade heavy fuel oil mixed with water and emulsifier, the higher the ratio of water addition becomes, the higher the viscosity is and the more the viscosity-temperature slope decreases. But the higher the ratio of emulsifier addition is, the more the viscosity-temperature slope increases. In this case, the linearity of viscosity-temperature characteristic curve is poorer than that of B and C grade heavy fuel oil. 4. In the emulsified A grade heavy fuel oil mixed with emulsifier of 0.3% or less, the emulsion type is O/W type when water addition ratio is 40%, but it is W/O type when it is 10%, 20%, 30% and 50%.