• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.373-383
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• 1989

Glutaraldehyde is known as an ideal preservatives for pericardial heterograft, and many laboratories used this chemicals for preparing tissue valves, pericardial patches and MVOP [monocusp ventricular outflow patch] so we tried to find out the appropriate concentration and ingredients of the Glutaraldehyde for the preparing bovine pericardium. We selected 50 calves, aged about 2 years, and procured their pericardia. These were divided 6 groups such as fresh group, treated with only antibiotics, treated with Glutaraldehyde 0,5%, 0.625 %, 0.75 %, and 0.875 %, and our experiments included microbial culture test, tensile strength measurement and microscopic examination. On microbial culture, there were no growth on 1 week and 4 weeks after preparation with all kind of Glutaraldehyde, but on 4 weeks after only antibiotics treatment [Penicillin, Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Amphotericin -B] E.coli and candida albicans were observed. On tensile strength test, 0.625 % and 0.75 % Glutaraldehyde were revealed as the best preservatives for bovine pericardium and compared to other commercial products they kept more desirable tensile strength. On light and electron microscopic examinations, Glutaraldehyde treated pericardia had much regular and compact collagen fibers and preserved more normal structures, but there were no difference between the different concentration of the Glutaraldehyde. We concluded that 0.625% and 0.75 % Glutaraldehyde were the best concentration for preservation of bovine pericardium in our experiment.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1803-1808
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• 2008

For practical application, the stability of permeabilized Ochrobactrum anthropi SY509 needs to be increased, as its half-life of enzymatic denitrification is only 90 days. As the cells become viable after permeabilization treatment, this can cause decreased activity in a long-term operation and induce breakage of the immobilization matrix. However, the organic solvent concentration causing zero cell viability was 50%, which is too high for industrial application. Thus, whole-cell immobilization using glutaraldehyde was performed, and 0.1% (v/v) glutaraldehyde was determined as the optimum concentration to maintain activity and increase the half-life. It was also found that 0.1% (v/v) glutaraldehyde reacted with 41.9% of the total amine residues on the surface of the cells during the treatment. As a result, the half-life of the permeabilized cells was increased from 90 to 210 days by glutaraldehyde treatment after permeabilization, and no cell viability was detected.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.183-187
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• 2015

The present study was aimed to evaluate the influence of glutaraldehyde (GA) concentration on multiple electron microscopic (EM) immunostaining using pre-embedding peroxidase and post-embedding immunogold method. Influence of various concentrations of GA included in the fixative on immuoreactivity was assessed in the multiple immunostaining using antisera against anti-transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) for peroxidase staining and anti-GABA for immunogold labeling in the rat trigeminal caudal nucleus. Anti-TRPV1 antiserum had specificity in pre-embedding peroxidase staining when tissues were fixed with fixative containing paraformaldehyde (PFA) alone. Immunoreactivity for TRPV1 was specific in tissues fixed with fixative containing 0.5% GA at both perfusion and postfixation steps, though the immunoreactivity was weaker than in tissues fixed with fixative containing PFA alone. Tissues fixed with fixative containing 0.5% GA at the perfusion and postfixation steps showed specific immunogold staining for GABA. The results of the present study indicate that GA concentration is critical for immunoreactivity to antigens such as TRPV1 and GABA. This study also suggests that the appropriate GA concentration is 0.5% for multiple immunostaining with peroxidase labeling for TRPV1 and immunogold labeling for GABA.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.152-156
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• 1994

The sericin fixation of raw silk by formalin and glutaraldehyde mixed solutions was done and the effect of sericin fixtion by various conditions on degumming ratio, whiteness and physical properties was investigated and discusse. The obtained results were summarized as follows ; The sericin fixation by 1% formalin solution and upward, regardlles the concentration of glutaraldehyde solution, improved the whitenes of raw silk to 96% level of non fixed raw silk. The decrease of whiteness by degumming was prevented effectively by treatment of formalin and glutaraldehyde mixed solutions. The complete sericin fixation was obtained by the treatment of mixed solution including above 0.5% formalin solution. The proper treatment of sericin fixation can make increase the values of tenacity and elongation of silk.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.696-699
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• 1998

Biological oxidation of D-sorbitol to L-sorbose using permeated and immobilized cells of Gluconobacter suboxydans was carried out to investigate the optimum reaction condition. The stabilization effect of cross-linking agents such as glutaraldehyde, tannic acid, and polyethylene imine to prevent the leakage of enzymes from beads containing permeated and immobilized cells of G. suboxydans was examined by the production of L-sorbose from the mixture of D-sorbitol and gluconic acid. The protein concentration effused from immobilized beads treated with only glutaraldehyde was $5.2\mug/m\ell$ after 20 h. The beads of G. suboxydans immobilized with alginate and cross-linked with 0.3% glutaraldehyde was the most useful for the oxidation of D-sorbitol to L-sorbose.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.289-296
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• 2013

Cryptomonads are unicellular, biflagellate algae. Generally, cryptomonad cells cannot be preserved well because of their fragile nature, and an improved methodology should be developed to identify cryptomonads from natural habitats. In this study, we tried using several cytological fixatives, including glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, and their combinations to preserve field samples collected from various waters, and the currently used fixative, Lugol's solution was tested for comparison. Results showed that among the fixatives tested, glutaraldehyde preserved the samples best, and the optimal concentration of glutaraldehyde was 2%. The cell morphology was well preserved by glutaraldehyde. Cells kept their original color, volume, and shape, and important taxonomic features such as furrow/gullet complex, ejectosomes, as well as flagella could be observed clearly, whereas these organelles frequently disappeared in Lugol's solution preserved samples. The osmotic adjustments and buffers tested could not preserve cell density significantly higher. Statistical calculation showed the cell density in the samples preserved by 2% glutaraldehyde remained stable after 43 days of the fixation procedure. In addition, DNA was extracted from glutaraldehyde preserved samples by grinding with liquid nitrogen and the 18S rDNA sequence was amplified by PCR. The sequence was virtually identical to the reference sequence, and phylogenetic analyses showed very close relationship between it and sequences from the same organism. To sum up, the present study demonstrated that 2% unbuffered glutaraldehyde, without osmotic adjustments, can preserve cryptomonads cells for identification, in terms of both light microscopy and phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequences.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.753-756
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• 1995

Optimum conditions for immobilization of thermolysin, a metalloendopeptidase catalyzing synthesis of aspartame precursors, were investigated with using Amberlie XAD-7 as carrier and glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent. Adsorption of thermolysin onto the carrier was rapid at the initial stage and 96% of the enzyme was adsorbed after 24 hours at $5^{\circ}C$. There was a linear relationship between amount of thermolysin adsorbed and thermolysin loaded upto 300g per liter of carrier. The effective range of cross-linking time, concentration of glutaraldehyde and pH for immobilization of the enzyme were $3{\sim}7\;hours,\;6{\sim}12.5%\;and\;pH\;6.0{\sim}7.0$, respectively. Degree of cross-linking and residual enzyme activity were high when cross-linked for 7 hours with 6% glutaraldehyde or for 3 hours with 12.5% glutaraldehyde. The residual enzyme activity was over 30% under these conditions.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.72-77
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• 1996

Penicillin sensor was manufactured by immobillizing penicillinase with glutaraldehyde on the $H^+$-selective membrane based on PVC-COOH-TDDA. This membrane was not inter fered by $K^+$ ion in Pc-G potassium salt. When enzyme was immobilized with glutaraldehyde, the PVC-COOH matrix was more effective than PVC matrix. Calibration curve calculated from Nernst equation was not linear. But potential was relative to concentration of Pc-G. And maximal potentiometric velocity was also relative to concentration of Pc-G. Therefore, it may be applied to Michaelis-Menten equation. The penicillin sensor was useful for determination of Pc-G at concentration of 0.1~10mM level.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.852-863
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• 2013

We investigate the immobilization of trypsin on chitosan nonwoven using glutaraldehyde (GA). The conditions for trypsin on chitosan nonwoven and GA cross-linking were optimized depending on different conditions. The order of GA cross-linking was determined by the activity of immobilized trypsin. The characteristics of chitosan nonwoven were examined by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and surface morphology analyses (SEM). Results showed that the optimal treatment conditions for trypsin on chitosan nonwoven were as follows: pH 8.5; temperature $37^{\circ}C$; trypsin concentration 15% (o.w.f); and treatment time 60 min. Those for GA cross-linking were: pH 10.0; GA concentration 3% (v/v); and treatment time 120 min. FT-IR analysis showed that GA was cross-linked on chitosan nonwoven. The SEM analysis also showed that trypsin was immobilized on chitosan nonwoven.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.197-207
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• 2011

Background: In cardiac surgery, especially in the reconstruction of vascular structures and intracardiac defects, glutaraldehyde has usually been used as the reagent for fixing porcine or bovine pericardial tissues. But the well-known problem of calcification or cytotoxicity of glutaraldehyde motivates the search for a replacement. The aim of this study is to investigate the physical, mechanical, and biochemical characteristics of bovine pericardial tissues fixed with genipin, which is known to be a less toxic and more natural fixing reagent. Materials and Methods: Bovine pericardial tissues were fixed with different concentrations and conditions of glutaraldehyde and genipin. To determine the physical, mechanical, and biochemical differences among different concentrations and conditions, we divided the tissue into 18 groups by concentration, the addition of organic solvents, and the timing of adding the organic solvents, and compared the characteristics of each group. Results: Tensile strength, physical activity, and thermal stability tests revealed that the tissues fixed with glutaraldehyde were better with regard to mechanical strength and biochemical durability. However, the difference was not significant statistically. Conclusion: Genipin can be used as an alternative crosslinking agent for pericardial tissue, considering given its physical, mechanical, biochemical characteristics and low cytotoxicity comparable to glutaraldehyde. However, further studies are needed on the immune reaction and the long term changes in genipin-fixed tissues in the human body.