• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.28-37
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• 2020

진생베리는 진세노사이드 Re을 다량함유하고 있고 항염, 항암, 혈당강하 및 미백효과가 있다. 본 연구에서는 Rhizopus Oligosporus 균주를 이용하여 진생베리 발효공정을 확립하였으며 진생베리 발효물에 대한 화장품 약리활성을 분석하였다. 발효에 의한 인삼 베리 추출물의 전자 공여 능력은 1,000 ㎍/mL 농도에서 81%를 나타냈다. ABTS⁺ 라디칼 소거능 1,000 ㎍/mL 농도에서 100.2% 효과를 나타내었다. 피부 미백과 관련된 티로시나 아제 억제 효과는 1,000 ㎍ /mL 농도에서 57%였다. 피부 주름과 관련된 엘라스타제 억제효과는 1,000 ㎍/mL 농도에서 47%였다. 또한, 콜라게나제 억제 효과는 1,000 ㎍/mL 농도에서 33%였다. 이상의 결과로부터 진생베리 발효물이 항염과 미백, 주름개선 효능을 가진다고 판단된다. 따라서 진생베리 발효물이 향우 항염 및 항노화 화장품 원료로서의 이용 가능성이 매우 높을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate changes in composition of ginsenosides and color of processed ginsengs prepared by different steaming-drying times. Processed ginsengs were prepared from white ginseng with skin by 9-time repeated steaming at $96^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours and followed by hot air-drying at $50^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. As the times of steaming processes increased, lightness (L value) decreased and redness (a value) increased in color of ginseng powders. Crude saponin contents and ginsenosides compositions in processed ginsengs prepared by different steaming-drying times were investigated using the HPLC method, respecively. Crude saponin contents according to increasing steaming-drying times decreased in some degree. In the case of major ginsenosides, the contents of $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Rf, Re, $RG_1$, Re were decreased with increase in steamimg times, but those of $Rh_1$, $Rg_3$, $Rk_1$ were increased after especially 3 times of steaming processes. Interestingly, in black ginseng were prepared by 9 times steaming processes, the content of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was 8.20 mg/g, approximately 18 times higher than that (0.46 mg/g) in red ginseng. In addition, the ratio of the protopanaxadiol group and protopanaxatiol group (PD/PT) were increased from 1.9 to 8.4 due to increasing times of steamming process.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.181-188
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• 1978

1년생(年生) 수삼근(水蔘根)과 엽병(葉柄)(petiole)으로 조직배양(組織培養)한 callus 양자간(兩者間)의 유효성분(有效成分)인 saponins 및 sapogenins에 관하여 비교(比較) 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. (1) 인삼(人蔘)과 callus는 Liebermann-Burchard 반응(反應)에서 양성(陽性)으로 확인(確認)되었다. (2) Ginsenoside $Rx[x=o,a,b_1,b_2,c,e,d,g(f)]$의 Rf치(値)는 거의 일치(一致)하였으며 상대함량비(相對含量比)는 인삼(人蔘)에서 Rb,c : Rg(f)=21.1 : 20.5 (1.03 : 1), Rb,c,d : Re,g(f)=22.8 : 26.9(1 : 1.17)이었으며, callus에서 Rb,c : Rg(f)= 18.2 8.4(2.16 : 1) Rb,c,d : Re,g(f)=19.28 : 31.6(1 : 1.63)이었다. (3) 인삼(人蔘)과 callus의 sapogenins에 있어서 diol; triol, oleanolic acid, ${\beta}-sitosterol$의 Rf치(値)는 거의 일치(一致)하였으며 상대함량비(相對含量比)는 인삼(人蔘)에서 diol : triol = 13.8 : 7.4(1.86 : 1)이었고, callus에서 diol : triol = 19.2 : 7.2(2.66 : 1)이었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권7호
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• pp.594-601
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• 2008

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Panax ginseng) has been used for several thousand years to prolong longevity in Asian countries. Ginsenosides are the most active components isolated from ginseng and belong to damarane saponin which are separated into protopanaxadiol and protopanaxtriol. To evaluate the complex effect of ginsenoside in apo E null mice, ginseng extract were intraperioneally (i.p.) injected and provided high-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. Ginseng extract came from were i.p. injected with dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks in the last experimental duration. Ginseng extract used experiment was abundant Rb1, Rc, Re, and Rg1 and PD：PT ratio was 1.2. The high-cholesterol diet induced liver damage was significantly reduced by ginseng extract. Results from plasma lipid profiles and atherogenic index were improved by ginseng extracts. The GE group significantly decreased plasma TG and TC by 73% and 61% compared to apo E (-/-) group. Also ginseng extract tend to decrease lipid profiles and lipidperoxidation contents in liver and heart. Ginseng extract with an abundant amount of Rg1 significantly suppressed the apoptosis induction of cardiac tissue. In conclusion, ginseng extract (PD：PT = 1) was improved lipid profiles and anti-oxidant effects.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.54-59
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• 1996

Red Ginseng extracts sol'n was sterilized at 85f for 20 mins and/or stored at 4$0^{\circ}C$ for 6 months and centrifuged for 20 mins at 8,500xg in order to investigate the changes in chemical components of supernatants and the properties of precipitates. Contents of crude saponin and ginsenoside-$Rb_1$, -$Rg_1$, -Re were partially decreased during heating and storage. Starch contents were decreased from 26.81% in red ginseng extracts to 17.50-8.81% in supernatants, whereas free sugar contents were increased from 15.50% to 20.29~21.35% by heating and storage. The contents of protein and minerals in supernatants were decreased, but acidic polysaccharides and polyphenol compounds were not changed. pH values of supernatants and precipitates were decreased. The absorbances of brown color precursor and brown pigment in precipitates, detected at 285 nm and 440 nm were remarkably increased. The Overa11 data suggest that precipitates in red ginseng extracts sol'n formed during steilization and storage are provably the brown pigments resulting from Maillard reaction of amino compounds with reducing sugar which could be released from starch and protein matrix and $Cu^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Fe^{3+}$ ions are implicated with the reaction incorporated.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.41-45
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• 2018

Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) has been used as traditional herbal drug in Asian countries. Ginsenosides are major components having pharmacological and biological efficacy like anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-tumor effects. To control the quality of the components in diverse ginseng products, we developed a new quantitative method using LC-MS/MS for 13 ginsenosides; Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, 20(S)-Rh1, 20(S)-Rh2, Rg1, 20(S)-Rg3, F1, F2, and compound K. This method was successfully validated for linearity, precision, and accuracy. This quantification method applied in four representative ginseng products; fresh ginseng powder, white ginseng powder, red ginseng extract powder, and red ginseng extract. Here the amounts of the 13 ginsenosides in the various type of ginseng samples could be analyzed simultaneously and expected to be suitable for quality control of ginseng products.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2014

Ginseng is widely used for its promising healing and restorative properties as well as for its possible tonic effect in traditional medicine. Nowadays, many studies focus on purified individual ginsenoside, an important constituent in ginseng, and study its specific mechanism of action instead of whole-plant extracts on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Of the various ginsenosides, purified ginsenosides such as Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, Rh1, Re, and Rd are the most frequently studied. Although there are many reports on the molecular mechanisms and medical applications of ginsenosides in the treatment of CVDs, many concerns exist in their application. This review discusses current works on the countless pharmacological functions and the potential benefits of ginseng in the area of CVDs. Results: Both in vitro and in vivo results indicate that ginseng has potentially positive effects on heart disease through its various properties including antioxidation, reduced platelet adhesion, vasomotor regulation, improving lipid profiles, and influencing various ion channels. To date, approximately 40 ginsenosides have been identified, and each has a different mechanism of action owing to the differences in chemical structure. This review aims to present comprehensive information on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of ginseng, especially in the control of hypertension and cardiovascular function. In addition, the review also provides an insight into the opportunities for future research and development on the biological activities of ginseng.

• 식품기술
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.258-266
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• 2012

경기인삼 품질 특성을 확립하기 위한 기초자료로 진세노사이드 특성을 조사하였다. 경기도내 4대 인삼조합(개성, 김포 파주, 경기동부, 안성) 인삼을 인삼농가에서 직접 채취하거나 채굴현장에서 수집하여 진세노사이드 함량 및 조성을 분석하여 그 특성을 분석해 본 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 경기인삼 4, 5, 6년근의 총 진세노사이드 함량은 3.92 mg/g, 4.34 mg/g 및 4.94 mg/g으로 각각 나타나 재배 년수가 증가할수록 함량이 높아짐을 알 수 있었다. PD/PT 비율은 1.12, 1.34 및 1.40으로 년근 수가 증가할수록 PD계열 진세노사이드 함량이 증가하였다. 2. 경기인삼 6년근의 크기별 진세노사이드 함량을 측정한 결과 큰 인삼(大)의 총 진세노사이드 함량은 5.19 mg/g, 작은 인삼은 4.69 mg/g으로 같은 년근 수에서는 인삼의 크기에 따라 진세노사이드함량 차이는 크게 나타나지 않았다. 3. 6년근 부위별 총 진세노사이드 함량은 주근이 3.70 mg/g이며 세근은 6.37 mg/g으로써 주근보다 세근에서 1.72배 함량이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 진세노사이드 각각 함량별로 비교해 볼 때 PD계인 진세노사이드 $Rb_2$, $Rb_3$, Rc, Rd와 PT계인 Re, $Rg_2$가 주근보다 세근에서 높은 함량을 나타내어, PD/PT 비율이 1.08과 2.06으로 세근은 주근보다 PD계열 함량이 2배 이상 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.16-26
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• 2012

Ginseng is one of the most widely used herbal medicines and is reported to have a wide range of therapeutic and pharmacological applications. Ginseng may also be potentially valuable in treating cardiovascular diseases. Research concerning cardiovascular disease is focusing on purified individual ginsenoside constituents of ginseng to reveal specific mechanisms instead of using whole ginseng extracts. The most commonly studied ginsenosides are $Rb_1$, $Rg_1$, $Rg_3$, $Rh_1$, Re, and Rd. The molecular mechanisms and medical applications of ginsenosides in the treatment of cardiovascular disease have attracted much attention and been the subject of numerous publications. Here, we review the current literature on the myriad pharmacological functions and the potential benefits of ginseng in this area. In vitro investigations using cell cultures and in vivo animal models have indicated ginseng's potential cardiovascular benefits through diverse mechanisms that include antioxidation, modifying vasomotor function, reducing platelet adhesion, influencing ion channels, altering autonomic neurotransmitters release, and improving lipid profiles. Some 40 ginsenosides have been identified. Each may have different effects in pharmacology and mechanisms due to their different chemical structures. This review also summarizes results of relevant clinical trials regarding the cardiovascular effects of ginseng, particularly in the management of hypertension and improving cardiovascular function.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.711-721
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• 2022

The immune system is one of the most important parts of the human body and immunomodulation is the major function of the immune system. In response to outside pathogens or high inflammation, the immune system is stimulated or suppressed. Thus, identifying effective and potent immunostimulants or immunosuppressants is critical. Ginsenosides are a type of steroid saponin derived from ginseng. Most are harmless to the body and even have tonic effects. In this review, we mainly focus on the immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive roles of two types ginsenosides: the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type and protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type. PPT-type ginsenosides include Rg1, Rg2, Rh4, Re and notoginsenoside R1, and PPD-type ginsenosides include Rg3, Rh2, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, compound K (CK) and PPD, which activate the immune responses. In addition, Rg1 and Rg6 belong to PPT-type ginsenosides and together with Rg3, Rb1, Rd, CK show immunosuppressive properties. Current explorations of ginsenosides in immunological areas are in the preliminary stages. Therefore, this review may provide some novel ideas to researchers who study the immunoregulatory roles of ginsenosides.