[KSCI] Korea Science Citation Index Service

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2014.03.001

A review on the medicinal potentials of ginseng and ginsenosides on cardiovascular diseases

Lee, Chang Ho (Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University)
Kim, Jong-Hoon (Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University)

Publication Information

Journal of Ginseng Research / v.38, no.3, 2014 , pp. 161-166 More about this Journal

Abstract

Ginseng is widely used for its promising healing and restorative properties as well as for its possible tonic effect in traditional medicine. Nowadays, many studies focus on purified individual ginsenoside, an important constituent in ginseng, and study its specific mechanism of action instead of whole-plant extracts on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Of the various ginsenosides, purified ginsenosides such as Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, Rh1, Re, and Rd are the most frequently studied. Although there are many reports on the molecular mechanisms and medical applications of ginsenosides in the treatment of CVDs, many concerns exist in their application. This review discusses current works on the countless pharmacological functions and the potential benefits of ginseng in the area of CVDs. Results: Both in vitro and in vivo results indicate that ginseng has potentially positive effects on heart disease through its various properties including antioxidation, reduced platelet adhesion, vasomotor regulation, improving lipid profiles, and influencing various ion channels. To date, approximately 40 ginsenosides have been identified, and each has a different mechanism of action owing to the differences in chemical structure. This review aims to present comprehensive information on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of ginseng, especially in the control of hypertension and cardiovascular function. In addition, the review also provides an insight into the opportunities for future research and development on the biological activities of ginseng.

Keywords

antioxidant effect; cardiovascular diseases; lipid profile; myocardial protection; vasomotor tone;

Citations & Related Records

Times Cited By KSCI : 6 (Citation Analysis)

Reference
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7	(2014) Environmental toxicology Impairment of preimplantation and postimplantation embryonic development through intrinsic apoptotic processes by ginsenoside Rg1 <I>in vitro</I> and <I>in vivo</I> / 32 (7) , 1937
7	(2014) International journal of molecular sciences Ginsenoside Rh2 Improves Cardiac Fibrosis via PPARδ–STAT3 Signaling in Type 1-Like Diabetic Rats / 18 (7) , 1364
4	(2014) Bioscience reports Ginsenoside Rg3 attenuates sepsis-induced injury and mitochondrial dysfunction in liver via AMPK-mediated autophagy flux / 37 (4) , BSR20170934
3	(2014) Mycobiology The Effect of Fungicides on Mycelial Growth and Conidial Germination of the Ginseng Root Rot Fungus, Cylindrocarpon destructans / 45 (3) , 220
9	(2014) Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Gram-Scale Production of Ginsenoside F1 Using a Recombinant Bacterial β-Glucosidase / 27 (9) , 1559
1	Maria Antónia Nunes. (2014) Food research international Herbal products containing <I>Hibiscus sabdariffa</I> L., <I>Crataegus</I> spp., and <I>Panax</I> spp.: Labeling and safety concerns / 100 (1) , 529
None	(2014) Scientific reports Ginsenoside Rb1 prevents homocysteine-induced EPC dysfunction via VEGF/p38MAPK and SDF-1/CXCR4 activation / 7 (None) , 13061
4	(2014) Journal of ginseng research Panax ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for Alzheimer's disease / 42 (4) , 401
11	(2014) Journal of liquid chromatography & related technologies Metabolic profiling of flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids in the extract from <I>Vernonia cinerea</I> leaf using LC-Q-TOF-MS / 41 (11) , 722
8	(2014) The American journal of Chinese medicine Recent Advances in Drug Delivery System for Bioactive Glycosides from Traditional Chinese Medicine / 46 (8) , 1791
None	(2014) Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM Effects of <I> Panax ginseng</I> on Obesity in Animal Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis / 2018 (None) , 2719794
None	(2018) Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Rg3-Enriched Korean Red Ginseng Extract in Murine Model of Sepsis / 2018 (None) , 6874692
None	(2018) International journal of genomics Multitarget Effects of Danqi Pill on Global Gene Expression Changes in Myocardial Ischemia / 2018 (None) , 9469670
None	(2014) Frontiers in cellular neuroscience Korean Red Ginseng Pretreatment Protects Against Long-Term Sensorimotor Deficits After Ischemic Stroke Likely Through Nrf2 / 12 (None) , 74
None	(2014) Frontiers in physiology <I>Panax ginseng</I> Polysaccharide Protected H9c2 Cardiomyocyte From Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury Through Regulating Mitochondrial Metabolism and RISK Pathway / 9 (None) , 699
5	(2014) International journal of pharmacology : IJP High Levels of Ginsenosides Production Associated with rolC Gene Transcription and Expression in Ginseng Hairy Roots / 14 (5) , 615
None	Muhammad Irfan. (2014) Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology <I>Eisenia bicyclis</I> (brown alga) modulates platelet function and inhibits thrombus formation via impaired P<SUB>2</SUB>Y<SUB>12</SUB> receptor signaling pathway / 40 (None) , 79
4	(2014) Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin Ginsenoside-Rg1 Protects against Renal Fibrosis by Regulating the Klotho/TGF-β1/Smad Signaling Pathway in Rats with Obstructive Nephropathy / 41 (4) , 585
6	(2014) Applied sciences Compound K Inhibits the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Raw 264.7 Cell Line and Zebrafish / 8 (6) , 924
8	(2014) Biodiversity and conservation Ginseng plantations threaten China’s forests / 27 (8) , 2093
38	(2014) Medicine Efficacy and safety of Shenfu injection for patients with return of spontaneous circulation after sudden cardiac arrest : Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis / 97 (38) , e12500
10	(2014) Molecules The Increase of Triterpene Saponin Production Induced by <I>Trans</I> -Anethole in Hairy Root Cultures of <I>Panax quinquefolium</I> / 23 (10) , 2674
11	(2014) Molecules Effects of Red Ginseng Extract on the Pharmacokinetics and Elimination of Methotrexate via Mrp2 Regulation / 23 (11) , 2948
4	(2014) 한국유화학회지 Optimization of ginseng hairy roots culture and its ginsenoside analysis / 35 (4) , 995
11	(2018) Journal of medicinal food Aqueous Extract of Taegeuk Ginseng Inhibits Platelet Aggregation and Thrombus Formation / 21 (11) , 1137
4	(2018) Preventive nutrition and food science Inhibitory Effect of 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 on Human Platelet Aggregation and Intracellular Ca <SUP>2+</SUP> Levels via Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Dependent Manner / 23 (4) , 317
6	(2018) 대한한방내과학회지 홍삼의 Dexamethasone 유도 근감소증 모델 백서에 대한 효과 연구 / 39 (6) , 1168
3	(2014) European journal of nutrition Efficacy and safety of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) extract on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, randomized, cross-over / 58 (3) , 1237
1	(2014) Biomedical microdevices Targeted delivery of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3-based polypeptide nanoparticles to treat colon cancer / 21 (1) , 18
5	(2014) Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin Electrodeposition of Ginseng/Polyaniline Encapsulated Poly(lactic-<I>co</I>-glycolic Acid) Microcapsule Coating on Stainless Steel 316L at Different Deposition Parameters / 67 (5) , 445
None	(2019) PeerJ Bar-HRM: a reliable and fast method for species identification of ginseng (<I>Panax ginseng</I>, <I>Panax notoginseng</I>, <I>Talinum paniculatum</I> and <I>Phytolacca Americana</I>) / 7 (None) , e7660
1	(2019) CYTA: journal of food A stereo-selective growth inhibition profile of ginsenoside Rh2 on human colon cancer cells / 17 (1) , 488
2	(2019) International journal of molecular sciences Ginsenoside Rb1 Blocks Ritonavir-Induced Oxidative Stress and eNOS Downregulation through Activation of Estrogen Receptor-Beta and Upregulation of SOD in Human Endothelial Cells / 20 (2) , 294
None	(2014) Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM Ginsenoside Re Improves Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Fibrosis and Heart Failure in Rats / 2019 (None) , 3714508
None	(2019) Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM A Review of Antiplatelet Activity of Traditional Medicinal Herbs on Integrative Medicine Studies / 2019 (None) , 7125162
1	(2014) Expert opinion on therapeutic patents Therapeutic potential of <I>Panax ginseng</I> and its constituents, ginsenosides and gintonin, in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders: a patent review / 29 (1) , 55
2	(2019) Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension Mechanisms of action of Panax notoginseng ethanolic extract for its vasodilatory effects and partial characterization of vasoactive compounds / 42 (2) , 182
3	(2019) Journal of cellular biochemistry The inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rd on the human glioma U251 cells and its underlying mechanisms / 120 (3) , 4444
1	(2014) Journal of applied biological chemistry Analysis of major ginsenosides in various ginseng samples / 62 (1) , 87
10	(2014) Molecules Black Ginseng and Its Saponins: Preparation, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effects / 24 (10) , 1856
5	(2014) Preparative biochemistry & biotechnology : an international journal for rapid communications Optimization of dynamic-microwave assisted enzymatic hydrolysis extraction of total ginsenosides from stems and leaves of panax ginseng by response surface methodology / 49 (5) , 419
5	(2019) 생명과학회지 피부각질세포 HaCaT에서 진세노사이드 Rb1에 의한 유전자 발현 양상 / 29 (5) , 514
14	(2014) International journal of molecular sciences Ginseng Berry Prevents Alcohol-Induced Liver Damage by Improving the Anti-Inflammatory System Damage in Mice and Quality Control of Active Compounds / 20 (14) , 3522
2	(2019) Plant cell, tissue and organ culture The content of triterpene saponins and phenolic compounds in American ginseng hairy root extracts and their antioxidant and cytotoxic properties / 138 (2) , 353
3	(2014) Neurotoxicity research Panax notoginsenoside Rb1 Restores the Neurotrophic Imbalance Following Photothrombotic Stroke in Rats / 36 (3) , 441
10	(2014) Journal of cellular and molecular medicine Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates CKD‐associated vascular calcification by inhibiting the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway / 23 (10) , 7088
4	(2019) Pharmacological reviews Targeting Foam Cell Formation in Atherosclerosis: Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products / 71 (4) , 596
10	(2014) Plant cell reports Improvement of phytochemical production by plant cells and organ culture and by genetic engineering / 38 (10) , 1199
25	(2014) Current topics in medicinal chemistry Recent Advances in Ginsenosides as Potential Therapeutics Against Breast Cancer / 19 (25) , 2334
22	(2019) Molecules Development of a Validated UPLC-MS/MS Method for Analyzing Major Ginseng Saponins from Various Ginseng Species / 24 (22) , 4065
10	(2014) Archives of pharmacal research : a publication of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Interactions of ginseng with therapeutic drugs / 42 (10) , 862
14	(2014) Journal of the science of food and agriculture Effects of different substrates on low‐temperature storage of fresh ginseng / 99 (14) , 6258
None	(2014) Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology <I>In vitro</I> and <I>in silico</I> evaluation of stereoselective effect of ginsenoside isomers on platelet P2Y<SUB>12</SUB> receptor / 64 (None) , 152899
6	(2014) Nutrition and food science Energy drinks: health effects and consumer safety / 49 (6) , 1075
1	(2014) Scientific reports Ginsenoside Rb1 exerts antiarrhythmic effects by inhibiting I <SUB>Na</SUB> and I <SUB>CaL</SUB> in rabbit ventricular myocytes / 9 (1) , 20425
12	(2014) Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals Ginsenoside Rc Is a New Selective UGT1A9 Inhibitor in Human Liver Microsomes and Recombinant Human UGT Isoforms / 47 (12) , 1372
23	(2014) International journal of molecular sciences Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 Protect Primary Cultured Astrocytes against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Injury via Improving Mitochondrial Function / 20 (23) , 6086
24	(2014) International journal of molecular sciences Ginsenoside Rh2 Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice by Suppressing NF-kappaB-Mediated Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Expression and T Helper Type 2 Differentiation / 20 (24) , 6111
2	(2014) The American journal of Chinese medicine A Review of Medicinal Plants in Cardiovascular Disorders: Benefits and Risks / 48 (2) , 259
4	(2020) Current medicinal chemistry Phytochemical-Mediated Glioma Targeted Treatment: Drug Resistance and Novel Delivery Systems / 27 (4) , 599
3	(2014) World journal of traditional chinese medicine Ginsenoside Rb1 pretreatment attenuates myocardial ischemia by reducing calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-medicated calcium release / 6 (3) , 284
1	(2014) Natural product communications Antihypertensive Effects of Rg3-Enriched Korean Vitamin Ginseng in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats / 15 (1) , 1934578X1990071
1	(2014) Pharmaceutical biology Preventive treatment with ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats and involves store-operated calcium entry inhibition / 58 (1) , 1055
None	(2014) Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology Strontium Modified Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate Scaffold Incorporating Ginsenoside Rg1/Gelatin Microspheres for Bone Regeneration / 8 (None) , 888
None	(2020) Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM Energy Metabolism Mechanism of Anticardiogenic Shock Effect Component Ginsenoside Rc of Shenfu Injection on H9c2 Myocardial Injury Cells Induced by Hypoxia/Reoxygenation / 2020 (None) , 1
None	(2014) Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM Qidong Yixin Oral Liquid for Viral Myocarditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis / 2020 (None) , 4704535
None	(2020) Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM Natural Products and Their Bioactive Compounds: Neuroprotective Potentials against Neurodegenerative Diseases / 2020 (None) , 6565396
None	(2020) Frontiers in pharmacology Ginsenoside Rg1 as an Effective Regulator of Mesenchymal Stem Cells / 10 (None) , 1565
None	(2014) Frontiers in pharmacology Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety / 11 (None) , 422
3	(2020) Molecules Herb–Drug Interaction of Red Ginseng Extract and Ginsenoside Rc with Valsartan in Rats / 25 (3) , 622
4	(2014) Molecules Characterization and Antioxidant Activity Determination of Neutral and Acidic Polysaccharides from <I>Panax Ginseng</I> C. A. Meyer / 25 (4) , 791
4	(2020) Biomolecules Biotechnological Interventions for Ginsenosides Production / 10 (4) , 538
4	(2014) Foods Korean Red Ginseng Suppresses the Expression of Oxidative Stress Response and NLRP3 Inflammasome Genes in Aged C57BL/6 Mouse Ovaries / 9 (4) , 526
3	(2020) Journal of the american college of nutrition Nutraceutical Potential of Diet Drinks: A Critical Review on Components, Health Effects, and Consumer Safety / 39 (3) , 272
5	(2014) Natural product communications Oleanane-Type Saponins From the Aerial Parts of <I>Panax bipinnatifidus</I> / 15 (5) , 1934578X2092627
13	(2014) International journal of environmental research and public health Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Cultured Ginseng Roots Extract in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Mouse Macrophages and Adipocytes / 17 (13) , 4716
8	(2020) Nutrients Ginseng-Induced Changes to Blood Vessel Dilation and the Metabolome of Rats / 12 (8) , 2238
13	(2020) Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM Different absorption and metabolism of ginsenosides after the administration of total ginsenosides and decoction of <I>Panax ginseng</I> / 34 (13) , e8788
4	(2014) Journal of ginseng research Adaptogenic effects of Panax ginseng on modulation of cardiovascular functions / 44 (4) , 538
15	(2014) Molecules Advances in Saponin Diversity of <I>Panax ginseng</I> / 25 (15) , 3452
16	(2020) Molecules Enhancement of an In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Oleanolic Acid through Glycosylation Occurring Naturally in <I>Stauntonia hexaphylla</I> / 25 (16) , 3699
17	(2020) Applied sciences The Effects of Wild Ginseng Extract on Psychomotor and Neuromuscular Performance Recovery Following Acute Eccentric Exercise: A Preliminary Study / 10 (17) , 5839
10	(2014) Pharmaceutics The Development and Validation of a Novel “Dual Cocktail” Probe for Cytochrome P450s and Transporter Functions to Evaluate Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug and Herb-Drug Interactions / 12 (10) , 938
16	(2020) Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry The Advances on the Protective Effects of Ginsenosides on Myocardial Ischemia and Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury / 20 (16) , 1610
11	(2014) Nutrients Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on Cholesterol Metabolites in Postmenopausal Women with Hypercholesterolemia: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial / 12 (11) , 3423
8	(2014) Nutrition and cancer MicroRNAs mediate the anti-tumor and protective effects of ginsenosides / 72 (8) , 1264
22	(2014) Molecules Alleviation of Ulcerative Colitis Potentially through th1/th2 Cytokine Balance by a Mixture of Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng Extract and <I>Persicaria tinctoria</I> / 25 (22) , 5230
36	(2014) Environmental science and pollution research international Ginseng attenuates fipronil-induced hepatorenal toxicity via its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities in rats / 27 (36) , 45008
4	(2014) 大韓化粧品學會誌 상업용 β-glucanase를 이용한 홍삼유래 사포닌으로부터 Ginsnoside Rd 의 생물 전환 / 46 (4) , 349
1	(2014) Medicinal research reviews Evolution of the adaptogenic concept from traditional use to medical systems: Pharmacology of stress‐ and aging‐related diseases / 41 (1) , 630
None	(2014) Journal of analytical methods in chemistry Simultaneous Quantification of Four Ginsenosides in Rat Plasma and Its Application to a Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study in Normal and Depression Rats Using UHPLC-MS/MS / 2021 (None) , 1
None	(2014) Cell transplantation Ginsenoside Rb1 Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Injury by Downregulating miR-222 in WI-38 Cells / 30 (None) , 096368972110027
2	(2014) Chinese medical journal : CMJ Efficacy and safety of Shexiang Baoxin pill (MUSKARDIA) in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IV randomized clinical trial / 134 (2) , 185
1	(2021) Mass spectrometry letters Correlation between the Content and Pharmacokinetics of Ginsenosides from Four Different Preparation of Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer in Rats / 12 (1) , 16
None	(2021) Pharmacological research : the official journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society Ginsenosides for cardiovascular diseases; update on pre-clinical and clinical evidence, pharmacological effects and the mechanisms of action / 166 (None) , 105481
4	(2014) Separations Protocol Optimization of Proteomic Analysis of Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) / 8 (4) , 53
3	(2014) Journal of ginseng research Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on metabolic syndrome / 45 (3) , 380
None	(2021) Pharmacological research : the official journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society Ginsenosides in vascular remodeling: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of their therapeutic action / 169 (None) , 105647
7	(2014) Metabolites Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on Plasma Ceramide Levels in Postmenopausal Women with Hypercholesterolemia: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial / 11 (7) , 417
13	(2014) Molecules Pharmacological Efficacy of Ginseng against Respiratory Tract Infections / 26 (13) , 4095
7	(2014) Plant disease A Novel Biocontrol Strain <I>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</I> FS6 for Excellent Control of Gray Mold and Seedling Diseases of Ginseng / 105 (7) , 1926
9	(2014) Pharmaceutics Phytochemicals and Amino Acids Profiles of Selected sub-Saharan African Medicinal Plants’ Parts Used for Cardiovascular Diseases’ Treatment / 13 (9) , 1367
24	(2014) Journal of cellular and molecular medicine Huoxin pill prevents acute myocardial ischaemia injury via inhibition of Wnt/β‑catenin signaling / 25 (24) , 11053
3	(2014) Preventive nutrition and food science Hair Growth-Promoting Mechanisms of Red Ginseng Extract through Stimulating Dermal Papilla Cell Proliferation and Enhancing Skin Health / 26 (3) , 275
3	(2021) Journal of plant biotechnology Gibberellins enhance plant growth and ginsenoside content in Panax ginseng / 48 (3) , 186
19	(2014) Molecules Design, Synthesis, and Antibacterial Evaluation of Novel Ocotillol Derivatives and Their Synergistic Effects with Conventional Antibiotics / 26 (19) , 5969
12	(2014) Antioxidants Ginsenoside Rg3 Attenuates TNF-α-Induced Damage in Chondrocytes through Regulating SIRT1-Mediated Anti-Apoptotic and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms / 10 (12) , 1972
None	(2022) Bioorganic chemistry Hollongdione arylidene derivatives induce antiproliferative activity against melanoma and breast cancer through pro-apoptotic and antiangiogenic mechanisms / 119 (None) , 105535