• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.231-236
• /
• 1995

The antioxidant activity and the pharmacologically active constituents such as nucleosides and phenolic substancs of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (white ginseng powder) treated with gamma irradiation (Rl group) and ethylene oxide fumigation (EO group) were compared with those of non-treated ginseng (control group). High performance liquid chromatograms of nucleosides in three groups were similar with each other. The bathochromic effect of phenolic substances at W absorption region tends to be higher for EO group than Rl group. This tendency was also observed in heat treatment of each group. However, the antioxidant activity may have some effects on the labile property of phenolic substances. In summary the gamma-irradiated ginseng was more stable than the ethylene oxide-treated ginseng, but both ginseng samples gave the similar antioxidant activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.437-441
• /
• 1990

The investigation of UV absorbing compounds in saponin fraction of Pnm.1. Kiairnk root was carried out by thin layer chromatography, semipreparative HVLC. l3C, 1H-NMR, mass spectrometry and chemical characteristics in searching plant for growth regulatony substances such as phenolic glycoside. Drying of fresh ginseng at 15 $^{\circ}C$ decreased not only number but also size of UV absorbing sports on TLC. One of the relatively large spots in fresh ginseng was isolated and identified as adenosine, which is subjected for growth stimulatory activity Detection of phenolic glycosides failed in dried root bolt was highly probable in fresh ginseng even with the insufficient amount of sample.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.107-112
• /
• 2000

적변삼 표피조직의 적갈색의 침적물은 강력한 산화제에 의해서만 산화(탈색)되는 chelation power가 매우 큰 화학결합을 형성하고 있었다. CLSM으로 관찰한 결과, 적변삼 조직의바깥쪽으로 두껍게 침적물이 형성되어 있음이 확인되었으며, 조직의 형광강도를 이용하여 두께를 측정한 결과 약 120rm의 침적물이 축적되어 있음이 확인되었다. 또한 Spectrum분석 결과 적변삼 표피의 물질은 건강삼의 표피조직과는 다른 functional group을 포함하는 것으로 확인되었다. 건강삼과 적변삼의 표피조직을 강산과 강염으로 가수분해 하여도 조직에 침적되어 있는 적색의 물질은 용출되지 않았다. 적변삼과 건강삼의 표피조직과 뿌리의 각 부위별 총 페놀성화합물의 함량을 측정한 결과, 건강삼의 표피조직에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 페놀성 물질이 적변물질의 원인이 된다는 보고와 차이가 있는 것으로 페놀성 물질은 적변현상 유발의 직접적인 원인물질이 아님이 확인되었다. 따라서 인삼의 적변물질은 인삼뿌리의 유기성분(세포벽 분해산물, 세포내용물, azodicarbonamide 등)과 철이온 복합체로 추론되며, 이물질에 대한 계속적인 추적을 진행하고 있다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제41권3호
• /
• pp.428-433
• /
• 2017

Background: In this study, the fermentation of ginseng seeds was hypothesized to produce useful physiologically-active substances, similar to that observed for fermented ginseng root. Ginseng seed was fermented using Bacillus, Pediococcus, and Lactobacillus strains to extract ginseng seed oil, and the extraction yield, color, and quantity of phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and phytosterol were then analyzed. Methods: The ginseng seed was fermented inoculating 1% of each strain on sterilized ginseng seeds and incubating the seeds at $30^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. Oil was extracted from the fermented ginseng seeds using compression extraction, solvent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Results and Conclusion: The color of the fermented ginseng seed oil did not differ greatly according to the fermentation or extraction method. The highest phenolic compound content recovered with the use of supercritical fluid extraction combined with fermentation using the Bacillus subtilis Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI) 1127 strain. The fatty acid composition did not differ greatly according to fermentation strain and extraction method. The phytosterol content of ginseng seed oil fermented with Bacillus subtilis KFRI 1127 and extracted using the supercritical fluid method was highest at 983.58 mg/100 g. Therefore, our results suggested that the ginseng seed oil fermented with Bacillus subtilis KFRI 1127 and extracted using the supercritical fluid method can yield a higher content of bioactive ingredients, such as phenolics, and phytosterols, without impacting the color or fatty acid composition of the product.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.44-49
• /
• 1989

인삼중 새로운 항산화 성분을 분리하기 위하여 인상의 메탄올 추출물을 여러 성분 분획으로 나눈 다음 ${\alpha}$, ${\alpha}-diphenyl-{\beta}-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)$을 이용하여 각각의 항산화 활성을 측정하였다. DPPH 소거 활성이 비교적 큰 두 분획을 silica gel, ${\mu}-Bondapak$ $C_{18}$ 또는 Sephadex LH-20 column chromatograph하여 4중의 단일성분을 분리하였고 이들은 정색반응 및 UV분석을 통해 모두 페놀성 성분으로 확인되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.373-378
• /
• 1990

Free malonaldehyde was determined in nine kinds of ginseng polyacetylene-treated micro- some by HPLC analysis. Antioxidant activities of some phenolic compounds and ginseng saponin were also drtermined both by a new HVLC method and by THA method. A new HPLC system separaterl malonaldehyde at a retention time 5,6 min and showed a linear relationship between the peak are a and malonaldehyde concentration. Panaxnol showed the strongest activity among nine polyacetylenes and the addition of either chlorine or aletyl group reduced polyacetylene's own activity. Since C14-polyacetylenes such as panaxyne and panaxyne-epoxide had little or no antioxidant activities, S17-structure should be preserved to exert a radical-scvenging or trapping activity. The antioxidant activities of chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and catechol were much weaker than those of C17-polyacetylenes. Ginseng saponin showed no antioxidant activity. Since TBA reactive substances and malonaldehyde contents were almost the same in peroxiedized microsome. TBA value seems a good indicator for lipid peroxidation in this particular Fe+3 ADP/NADPH system.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.24-35
• /
• 1985

Rusty root of ginseng has been known as one of the limiting factors in ginseng production in Korea. An attempt was, therefore, made to elucidate biological and chemical natures of the rusty root, and the redox Potential of the ginseng cultivated soils were measured and compared with diseased and non-diseased soils. Reddish discoloration was most frequently observed on the epidermis of ginseng root and the pigments were accumulated in all epidermal cells of the diseased lesions. The lower the redox potential of the ginseng cultivated soil was, the more severe the rusty root was observed. Fe content in the diseased epidermis was 3 times higher than that of healthy one. Organic acids such as oxalic, malonic, succinic, and citric acids were also higher in the mss root than in the healthy one. Thin layer chromatogram of phenolic acid fractions obtained from the epidermal cells of the rusty root of ginseng exhibited 3 to 4 unidentified substances not found in the healthy root. Also lignification of the epidermal cells and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase were greater in the rusty root than the healthy root. Colony formation and conidia production of F. solani, And mycelial growth and sclerotium formation of Sclerotinia sp. isolated from ginseng root were suppressed in a nutritionally minimal medium supplemented with water extract of rusty ginseng root epidermis. It is, therefore, suggested that rusty root of ginseng is caused by unfavorable rhizosphere environmental stress or stresses resulting abnormal metabolism in the root as a selfdefence mechanism of non-specific resistance responses.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제47권4호
• /
• pp.593-603
• /
• 2023

Background: Korean Red Ginseng is a major source of bioactive substances such as ginsenosides. Efficacy of red ginseng extract (RGE), which contains not only saponins but also various non-saponins, has long been studied. In the water-soluble component-rich fraction of RGE (WS), a byproduct generated in the process of extracting saponins from the RGE, we identified previously unidentified molecules and confirmed their efficacy. Methods: The RGE was prepared and used to produce WS, whose components were isolated sequentially according to their water affinity. The new compounds from WS were fractionized and structurally analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Physiological applicability was evaluated by verifying the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacies of these compounds in vitro. Results: High-performance liquid chromatography confirmed that the obtained WS comprised 11 phenolic acid and flavonoid substances. Among four major compounds from fractions 1-4 (F1-4) of WS, two compounds from F3 and F4 were newly identified in red ginseng. The analysis results show that these compound molecules are member of the maltol-structure-based glucopyranose series, and F1 and F4 are particularly effective for decreasing oxidative stress levels and inhibiting nitric oxide secretion, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that a few newly identified maltol derivatives, such as red ginseng-derived non-saponin in the WS, exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, making them viable candidates for application to pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and functional food materials.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제27권4호
• /
• pp.188-194
• /
• 2003

Rust-spot on North American ginseng roots (Panax quinquefolius L.) is considered a physiological, not a pathological disorder. Ginseng rust-spot starts as an orange spot on the surface of the root and may spread forming a sunken, round to irregular lesion. 5 mm in diameter. Pieces of root, 7 mm in length and containing a rust-spotted lesion, were embedded in agar and sectioned using a vibratome. These sections and hand sections, cut with a two-sided razor blade, were examined using fluorescence microscopy. The 4-5 cell layers of the periderm were destroyed in the area of the lesion and orange substance:, were deposited in and around the lesion. Sections stained with vanillin-HCI and viewed using bright field microscopy confirmed that the orange substances were phenolic compounds. Scanning electron micros-copy showed that the periderm had pulled away from the root, or was completely destroyed, in the area of the lesion. The smooth surface of the lesion indicates the deposition of phenolic compounds in surrounding cells as a wound response. Roots sprayed or dipped in ethephon (1500 mgㆍL$^{-1}$ ) developed rust-spots, more so at 21$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$ than at 3$\pm$0.2$^{\circ}C$. Roots held at 21$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$ were yellowish and developed white cell proliferations. Comparable control roots also developed rust-spots likely due to the high undecomposed organic matter content of the incubation soilless mix.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제37권1호
• /
• pp.67-72
• /
• 2005

수삼 및 수삼을 기질로 한 배양물로부터 조사포닌을 분리하여 TLC를 확인한 결과 목질진흙버섯 및 영지버섯 균사체 배양물 조사포닌에서 $Rg_{2}$와 $Rh_{1}$ 위치에서 spot을 볼 수 있었으며, 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체 배양물에서는 $Rg_{3}$와 $Rh_{1}$과 같은 위치에서 spot을 볼 수 있었다. 배양물의 총페놀성 화합물 함량은 수삼, 목질진흙버섯, 영지버섯 및 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체 배양물 조사포닌에서 1.04, 1.11, 1.45, 1.29%로 나타나 수삼보다는 수삼 배양물에서 높았으며, 특히 영지버섯 균사체 배양물에서 가장 높은 폐놀성 화합물 함량을 나타내었다. 수삼 배양물 조사포닌의 전자공여능의 경우 목질진흙버섯 균사체 배양물 1mg/mL 및 10mg/mL에서 각각 92.8, 94.9%로 가장 높았다. 지질과산화 억제효과는 영지버섯 균사체 배양물 조사포닌이 29.5%로 목질진흙버섯 균사체나 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체 배양물 보다 높았다. Tyrosinase 저해활성은 영지버섯 균사체 배양물 조사포닌이 65.5%로 가장 높았다.