• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.427-431
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• 1984

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of Korean ginseng and tocopherol on serum testosterone level, protein metabolism and swimming endurance in rats. Powdered ginseng (2.5 g/kg) and ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ (250 mg/kg) were added directly into the basal diet of rats feeding for 6 weeks. The serum testosterone level of ginseng-treated rats had no difference from that of control rats, but the level was slightly increased in tocopherol-treated rats. In the case of ginseng-treated rats, there were no significant difference in the contents of albumin, ${\alpha}_1-globulin$, ${\alpha}_2-globulin$, ${\gamma}-globulin$ and A/G ratio compared with those of the control rats, however, the levels of total protein and ${\beta}-globulin$ were increased significantly(p<0.005). Total protein value of tocopherol-treated rats was higher than that of the control rats(p<0.005). In contrast, albumin content was slightly decreased. The contents of ${\alpha}_1-globulin$, ${\alpha}_2-globulin$, ${\beta}-globuiln$ and ${\gamma}-globulin$ were higher in the rats fed tocopherol diet that those obtained from the control rats. Accordingly A/G value was markedly decreased (p<0.001). In swimming endurance test, both Korean ginseng and ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ did not appear to have any effect on rats' stamina.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.847-852
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• 2008

In order to determine the effects of puffing red ginseng (PRG) powder on the antioxidant enzyme activities of hepatotoxicity in benzo($\alpha$) pyrene[B($\alpha$)P]-treated mice, the mice were divided into 5 groups. The dried red ginseng were prepared by puffing conditions of moisture content 10% and puffing pressure $5\;kgf/cm^2$, and then powdered. PRG powder was injected i.p. once a day for 5 successive days, followed by the administration of B($\alpha$)P treatment on the fifth day. We also evaluated the relationship between lipid peroxidation and PRG powder on oxidative stress. The increased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase observed following B($\alpha$)P-treatment were reduced by the treatment of PRG powder. Whereas the glutathione content and glutathione S-transferase activity depleted by B $\alpha$)P were significantly increased, the B($\alpha$)P-associated elevation of cytochrome P-450 activities and lipid peroxide content were reduced as the result of PRG powder treatment. Especially, PRG powder had higher antioxidant activities than RG powder. These results suggest that puffing red ginseng powder can protect against B($\alpha$)P intoxicification through its antioxidant properties.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.1740-1746
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• 2016

In this study, we investigated the nutritional and functional constituents as well as quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of Korean cultivated wild ginseng (KG). The chemical compositions and amino acid content of KG were 7.56% water, 73.01% carbohydrates, 12.58% protein, 1.99% lipids, and 5.54% ash as well as 16.17 mg/g of amino acids, respectively. The major ginsenoside and minor ginsenoside contents of KG were 15.94 mg/g and 0.04 mg/g, respectively. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of KGE (Korean cultivated wild ginseng with 70% ethanol extract) were 8.93 mg GAE/g and 3.96 mg RHE/g, respectively. KGE also showed higher antioxidant activity than the other extracts (KGW, Korean cultivated wild ginseng with water extract) with regard to DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities (57.75% and 70.73%, respectively), nitrite oxide scavenging activity (44.01%), SOD-like activity (78.05%), reducing power activity ($1.08OD_{700nm}$), and ferrous ion-chelating activity (65.33%). Additionally, KGE had higher elastase, collagenase, and tyrosinase inhibition activities than KGW. These results suggest that KGE can be used as a bioactive and functional material in the food industry.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.4781-4786
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• 2015

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) is used primarily as an adaptogen herb and also for its immune stimulant properties in Western herbal medicine. Another closely related species used in East Asian medicine systems i.e. Kampo, TCM (Manchuria, Korea, Japan and Ainu of Hokkaido) and also called Siberian ginseng (Acanthopanax senticosus) also displays immune-stimulant and anti-cancer properties. These may affect tumour growth and also provide an anti-fatigue effect for cancer patients, in particular for those suffering from lung cancer. There is some evidence that a carbohydrate in Siberian ginseng may possess not only immune stimulatory but also anti-tumour effects and also display other various anti-cancer properties. Our study aimed to determine the inhibitory and also proliferative effects of a methanol plant extract of Siberan ginseng (E. senticosus) on various cancer and normal cell lines including: A-549 (small cell lung cancer), XWLC-05 (Yunnan lung cancer cell line), CNE (human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line), HCT-116 (human colon cancer) and Beas-2b (human lung epithelial). These cell lines were treated with an extract from E. senticosus that was evaporated and reconstituted in DMSO. Treatment of A-549 (small cell lung cancer) cells with E. senticosus methanolic extract showed a concentration-dependent inhibitory trend from $12.5-50{\mu}g/mL$, and then a plateau, whereas at 12.5 and $25{\mu}g/mL$, there is a slight growth suppression in QBC-939 cells, but then a steady suppression from 50, 100 and $200{\mu}g/mL$. Further, in XWLC-05 (Yunnan lung cancer cell line), E. senticosus methanolic extract displayed an inhibitory effect which plateaued with increasing dosage. Next, in CNE (human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line) there was a dose dependent proliferative response, whereas in Beas-2 (human lung epithelial cell line), an inhibitory effect. Finally in colon cancer cell line (HCT-116) we observed an initially weak inhibitory effect and then plateau.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.10
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• pp.1533-1538
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• 2013

The objective of this study is to select an effective microbial strain to enhance the sensory qualities and functionalities of fermented ginseng soymilk. For this purpose, soybean were ground with water extracts of ginseng and fermented with five Lactobacillus strains. All strains grew well in ginseng soymilk, and viable cell counts reached greater than 8 log CFU/mL after 18 h of fermentation. The contents of total ginsenosides were higher in soymilk fermented with L. casei ATCC 393 than those in the other strains. The sensory qualities of the fermented soymilk were observed to increase with the intensity of sourness and showed the best sensory acceptability of soymilk fermented with L. kefir ATCC 35411. Moreover, the antioxidant activities, superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities were significantly enhanced by 2~4 and 4~5 times, respectively, compared to the non-fermented soymilk. In particular, the antioxidant activities of the fermented soymilk by L. kefir ATCC 35411 were the highest among the samples. This result suggests that soymilk fermented by L. kefir ATCC 35411 allowed obtaining a soymilk with enhanced sensory quality and antioxidant activity was able to contribute to the health benefit.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.240-248
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• 2014

In this study, we analyzed 24 pieces ($4{\times}3{\times}2$) of pork jerky produced using raw meat and we then randomly assigned the hind leg meat to a treatment group. In addition, the effects of storage according to aerobic plate counts and sensory evaluation on pork jerky were examined. Form the results, We found that volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) content and aerobic plate counts of pork jerky gradually increased with increased storage time, ; moreover, there was a significant difference between the treatment groups and the control group (p<0.01). However, the counts did not increase as significantly in the ginseng powder group (B), as compared to the ginger powder group (A) (p<0.05). The sensory evaluation of pork jerky peaked during the second week of storage in all treatment groups, after which these characteristics gradually decreased (p<0.05). In addition, these characteristics were generally higher in the control group, compared to the treatment groups. When comparing the ginseng powder addition group (B) and ginger powder-addition group (A), only color was significantly higher in the ginger powder group. Based on this study as well as previous studies, storage of pork jerky significantly affects the sensory evaluation of raw pork. Ginger powder may have a more beneficial effect than other treatments on the sensory evaluation. Additionally, in all treatment groups, sensory characteristics were significantly higher in the ginger treated groups than in those of the ginseng-treated groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.911-916
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• 2013

This study investigated changes in the chemical components and enzyme activities from hydroponic-cultured ginseng roots (HGR) and leaves (HGL) with various heating temperatures (90, 110, 130, and $150^{\circ}C$) for 2 hours. The UV-absorbance and browning intensity of heated ginseng significantly increased with heating temperature. 5-HMF contents also significantly increased with increasing heating temperature. The free sugars (fructose, glucose, and sucrose) were detected and sucrose content decreased, but fructose and glucose content increased with increasing heating temperature. Malic, citric, lactic, and oxalic acid contents were 817.52, 722.25, 122.06, and 18.43 mg%, respectively, in HGR and 682.84, 338.21, 90.37, and 0 mg%, respectively, in HGL at $150^{\circ}C$. Tyrosinase and ACE inhibitory activities significantly increased with heating temperature. These results show that various components and activities of HGT and HGL significantly increase with heating temperature.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.209-218
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• 1981

Free fatty acid and total saponin, which were extracted from the spent media and colony of the strain Phizopus delemar Rh-1, were qualitatively examined by GLC and spectroscopic methods and compared with these of intact ginseng media. The 18, 18, and 14 free fatty acids were respectively identified from the control, spent media and colony. Among them, $iC_{12:0},\;C_{16:2},\;C_{17:0},\;C_{18:3}\; and\;C_{20:0}$ acids were not detectable from the colony. In add ition, $C_{16:2}\;and\;C_{20:0}$ peaks were rot found in the spent media and control, respectively. The isible absorption spectra of free fatty acids and total saponins in the control, spent media and colony were invariable. In contrast, however, the infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra showed significant spectral variations, particularly in the it finger-print region, demonstrating that the ginseng components were considerably utilized by the strain Rhizopus delemar Rh-1.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.33-47
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• 1977

This study was devised to observe the nutritional effect by feeding of rice diet supplemented with Ginseng powder in Albino rats. The male albino rats (84 heads), weghing about 56g, were used for the experimental animals. They were divided into six diet groups; which were the 6.4% protein diet, the 12.8% protein diet and the 17.9% protein diet as the control and each control diet was supplemented with 3% of Korean Ginseng powder as experimental diet. These diet groups were again divided into 2 groups according to the feeding terms, 3 weeks and 6 weeks. The animals were sacrificed after feeding the coresponding diet for 3 weeks and 6 weeks and the liver, heart, kidney, intestine and serum were collected as samples for analysis. The growth rate, efficiencies of protein and food, lipid, cholesterol and nitrogen in the samples were determined. The results obtained are summerized as follows; 1. The growth rate were improved by feeding of the 13% and the 18% protein diet supplemented with 3% ginseng powder than the coresponding control diet group, although the same results were not observed in the 6.8% protein diet groups. 2. The consumptions of the food and the protein in each dietary group were similar to each other. 3. The efficiencies of the food and the protein were improved by feeding of the 13% and the 18% protein diet supplemented with the ginseng powder than each control diet group. 4. The lipid contents in the liver of each expperimental diet group, in the feeding for 3 weeks, were shown the tendency to increase slightly, compared with the coresponding control group, whereas in the feeding group for 6 weeks, the contents were shown rater the decreasing tendency. 5. The total cholesterol contents in the liver of each experimental diet group, in the feeding group for 3 weeks, were maintained slightly higher level than the coresponding control group, whereas in the feeding group for 6 weeks, the contents were shown similar levels. 6. The total cholesterol contents in the heart were maintained with similar level in each diet group and each feeding term.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.727-732
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• 2010

Activity-guided fractionation of an ethyl acetate (EtOAc)-soluble portion of an ethanolic extract from the leaves of cultivated mountain ginseng, using pancreatic lipase inhibition assay, led to the isolation and identification of three flavonoids of a previously described structure, kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside (I), kaempferol-3-O-${\beta}$-Dglucopyranoside (astragalin, II) and kaempferol (III). All compounds (I.III) showed pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities, with $IC_{50}$ values ranging from $20.3{\pm}2.2$ to $9.1{\pm}1.5$ ${\mu}M$, kaempferol (III) showed the most potent inhibitory activity with an $IC_{50}$ of $9.1{\pm}1.5$ ${\mu}M$. The level of activity may depend on the number of C-3 glucosyl group(s) linked to the kaempferol backbone, and the isolated compounds may have promise as pancreatic lipase inhibitors.