• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.135-139
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• 2005

현대에는 식생활 양상의 변화와 가공식품의 이용증가, 그리고 외식산업의 발달로 비만인구가 증가되고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 현상은 성인병 발병률 증가시켰으며, 암과 같은 질병의 서구화를 가져오는 원인이 되고 있다. 흑염소고기는 지방과 콜레스테롤이 낮고 단백질이 풍부한 영양식품으로서 성인병이나 몸매관리에 적합한 식품이다. 현재 흑염소의 섭취는 주로 육골즙이나 흑염소 소주 등으로 특수한 상황에서만 이루어지는 것이 현실이다. 그러나 영양 성분 분석과 관능 검사 결과 기능성 음료로서의 가능성도 있는 식품으로 나타났다. 따라서 흑염소 음료의 섭취는 성인병의 예방 효과와 체중 조절에도 효과가 있다고 사료되며, 흑염소 농가에도 높은 이익을 창출할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 흑염소의 조단백질량은 쇠고기, 돼지고기보다도 높았지만 조지방 함량은 가장 낮게 나타났다. 또한 무기질 분석 결과 나트륨 함량이 쇠고기와 돼지고기보다도 낮게 나타난 반면 칼슘과 철분의 함량은 높았다. 성인병과 비만을 예방할 수 있고 중년 여성의 질병인 골다공증과 청소년들에게 흔히 나타나는 철분 결핍성 빈혈을 예방할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 또한 홍삼꿀을 첨가한 흑염소 육골액에 대한 관능검사 결과 홍삼꿀을 7.5mL와 8.0mL 첨가한 육골액이 아주 좋은 경향을 나타내었다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 유산균 혼합물(Lactobacillus casei와 Bifidobacteriumlogum 1:1)을 이용하여 발효홍삼을 제조하여 강화된 기능성 성분을 확인하였다. 유산균 혼합물에 의한 발효로 인해 발효홍삼의 전자공여능(EDA%)는 6.11~3.22 mg/g의 범위로 감소하여 홍삼($16.32{\pm}0.29$ mg/g)에 비해 항산화활성이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 홍삼 및 발효홍삼의 ginsenosides의 함량 차이를 분석한 결과, ginsenoside$-Rb_1$, $-Rb_2$, -Rc 등의 사포닌 함량은 홍삼이 발효홍삼에 비해 높게 나타났으나, 발효홍삼에서는 항암활성이 우수한 대사산물인 20(S)$-Rg_3$, 20(R)$-Rg_3$, Compound K 함량이 홍삼에 비해 높게 나타났다. 그리고 노인 건강증진 식품을 제조하고자 발효홍삼 농축액 첨가비율(0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%)을 달리하여 발효홍삼 양갱을 제조하고 그 품질특성을 평가하였다. 발효홍삼 첨가 수준별 색도 측정 결과, L값과 b값은 발효홍삼 농축액 첨가 비율이 증가할수록 유의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.05). 관능 평가결과, 홍삼농축액 10% 첨가 양갱의 맛, 색, 향, 질감 등이 다른 군들에 비해 우수하게 나타났다. 따라서 발효홍삼의 기능성과 기호적인 면을 함께 고려해 볼 때 10% 첨가가 바람직하다고 생각된다. 차후 본 자료를 기초로 하여 발효홍삼을 이용하여 제조한 제품에 대한 기능성을 효과적으로 평가할 수 있는 후속 연구를 기대한다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권12호
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• pp.1654-1659
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 산삼배양근과 압출성형 산산배양근의 발효특성을 알아보기 위해 발효액의 pH 및 산도, 당도, 총당, 환원당, 알코올 함량의 변화를 홍삼발효액과 비교하였다. Saccharomyces cerevisiae와 Aspergillus usamii, Rhizopus japonicus를 함유한 누룩을 접종하여 15일간 발효시킨 알코올 발효액의 pH, 당도, 환원당, 총당은 발효 시간 5일 전에 급격히 감소하여 이후 완만하게 감소하여 안정된 상태를 보여주었다. 또한, 산삼배양근을 압출성형 시킴으로써 환원당, 총당, 알코올 함량이 2배 이상 증가함을 확인할 수 있었다. 발효액의 최종 산도는 홍삼 $1.12{\pm}0.06%$, 산삼배양근 $1.19{\pm}0.06%$, 압출성형 산삼배양근 $0.97{\pm}0.01{\sim}1.02{\pm}0.01%$로 측정되었다. 알코올 발효를 시킨 발효액의 최대 알코올 함량 은 홍삼 $3.82{\pm}0.10%$ 산삼배양근 $0.91{\pm}0.06%$, 압출성형 산삼배양근 $1.86{\pm}0.10{\sim}2.18{\pm}0.06%$로 측정되어 산삼배양근을 압출성형 시킴으로써 최대 2.5배 알코올 함량을 향상시킬 수 있었다. 압출성형물 중에서도 배럴온도 $140^{\circ}C$, 수분함량 25%로 압출성형 시킨 산삼배양근이 환원당, 총당, 알코올함량이 가장 높게 측정되었다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서 압출성형공정을 통하여 산삼배양근 발효적성의 향상과 함께 새로운 산삼발효제품과 식품개발의 가능성을 발견하였다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.291-295
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• 1997

Some sensory properties of synthetic sweeteners are limiting factors for use in low calorie foods of soft drinks. By combining synthetic sweeteners(Neohesperidin dihydrochacone(NHDC), stevioside) with sucrose, sorbitol or xylitol, these limitations can be overcome. Using trained taste panelists and magnitude estimation methods, synergistic effects were investigated in binary sweetener mixtures, The results showed that synergism, as much as 28% to 69%,was noted at all concentration in xylitol-stevioside, NHDC-stevioside mixtures. Synergistic effects were found only at high concentration levels in mixtures of sucrose-NHDC, sucrose-stevioside, and sorbitol-stevioside, ranging from 11% to 22%.By taking advantage of synergistic effects, ginseng tea and orange flavored beverages, sweetened with either xylitol-stevioside of NHDC-stevioside, were prepared and the sensory quality was compared with that of sucrose containing beverages. It was found that sensory characteristics were judged to be very similar for all formulations. The result suggests the possibility of using of using these sweetener mixtures as sugar substitutes in ginseng tea and orange drink.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

This study was performed to evaluate the quality characteristics of yanggeng prepared with different amounts of Rehmanniae radix Preparata (RRP) concentrate. Moisture, acidity, soluble solids, and reducing sugar contents of the control were the lowest, followed in order by the 3%, 6%, and 9% RRP addition. The pH of 9% RRP added yanggeng was the lowest, followed in order by the 6% and 3% additions. The lightness value of the Hunter color system decreased based on the amount of RRP concentrate added to yanggeng. In the texture analysis, the hardness and cohesiveness of the 9% RRP added yanggeng were the highest among the treatments. Total phenol content was the highest in 9% RRP added yanggeng. Antioxidant activities such as DPPH radical scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, were the highest in the 9% RRP added yanggeng. In the sensory evaluation for yanggeng, the sensory scores for overall preference and texture were the highest in the 6% RRP added yanggeng The result was suggested that the optimum amount of RRP concentrate to add to yanggeng was 6%.

• 생약학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.315-319
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• 2014

This study compared the contents of ginseng prosapogenin depending on the extracting conditions of Skin White ginseng(Panax ginseng) to provide basic information for developing Skin White ginseng-based functional foods. Our findings show that the content of crude saponin peaked at 4 hours of extraction(SWG-4) and when extracted at $100^{\circ}C$. However, the content of total saponin reached its height at 8 hours of extraction at $100^{\circ}C$(SWG-8). On the other hand, the content of prosapogenin reached their heights at 60 hours of extraction(SWG-60), followed by 60 hours of extraction at $100^{\circ}C$. And at $100^{\circ}C$ the main prosapogenin of the content of Red and Black ginseng ginsenoside $Rg_3$, $Rg_5$ and $Rk_1$ reached their heights at 60 hours of extraction(SWG-60), followed by 60 hours of extraction.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.404-415
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• 1990

This study is conducted to evalute the effect of ginseng fraction component (ginseng extract solution, GES; ginseng protein, GP; ginseng saponin, GSA; ginseng residue, GR) upon hyperlipidemia and fatty liver induced by high fat administration. In doing so, the serum, liver and epididymal adpoid tissue have been examined for lipid components level and lipoprotein fraction. Feces bile acid and neutral sterol excretion have been also measured. 1'he results obtained from this study are as follows. 1. Serum, liver, epididymal lipid components of GP and GSA group were significantly lower than the controlgroup. 2. During the feeding experiment, VLDL and LDL increase while HDL decrease in all group. However the degree of VLDL and LDL increase and HDL decrease were signficantly small in GP and GSA group compared with control group. 3. In the excretion of bile acid and neutral sterol, all experiment group showed increased excretion in the comparison of control group.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.108-112
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• 1994

Rats (Sprague Dawley, male, 200 g) were fed with 15% corn oil containing a large quantity of 18 2 (linoleic acid) for 3 weeks, and were followed by feeding the petroleum ether extracts from Korean red ginseng for 3 weeks. cGMP was produced more in platelets prepared from both 15% corn oil and petroleum ether extracts-fed group than in platelets only 15% corn oil-fed group, indicating that the production of cGMP is increased by feeding the petroleum ether extracts. When this platelet was stimulated by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), the level of cGMP was decreased. However, the platelets in medium containing protein fraction (200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) was stimulated by PMA, the production of cGMP inhibited by PMA was increased by 3 times or more. These results suggest that both the protein fraction and the petroleum ether extracts from Korean red ginseng are synergistic in the productiorl of cGMP, and they may have the antiplatelet effects.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.73-84
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• 1981

Effect of environmental factors and host on the growth and outbreak of various ginseng diseases was reviewed Environmental lectors included hydrogen ion concentration, moisture content, temperature, nutrition, and microbiol populations. Age of the ginseng plants in relation to several ginseng disease occurrence was also included in order to formulate the effective control measure for ginseng diseases. Damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia, Pythium, and Phytophthora, greymold by Botrytis, sclerotinia by Scleretinia, and phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora were usually prevalent during the early growing season of ginseng when temperature is below 20$^{\circ}C$, while anthrac se caused by Colletotrichum, alternaria blight by Alternaria, and bacterial soft rot by Erwinia were so during the latter growing season when temperature is above 25$^{\circ}C$. However, the root rot incited by Fnarium and Cylindrocarpon caused severe damages throughout the growing season. Growth range of the temperature for a pathogen was highly related to the corresponding disease outbreak. Hydrogen ion concentration was highly related to the outbreak of sclerotinia, root rot, and red rot. Most severe outbreak of those diseases where the soil acidity was pH 4.7, pH 6.5- 7.5, and pH6.0-6.5, respectively. Nitrogen content in the soil was also related to outbreak of root rot and red rot. More red rot occurred where NH,-nitrogen is above 30 ppm and more root rot obtained when excessive nitrogen fertilizer applied. Yellow necrosis apparently was related to magnesium especially its ratio with potassium or calcium content in a soil. Fusarium Population showed significant .relations to missing rate of ginseng Plants in a Implanting ginseng field, while that of total bacteria showed similar relations in all ginseng field, However, in six year old ginseng fields, the more the Streptomyces population was, the less the Fusarium obtained. Consequently, less missing rate observed in a field where Streptomyces population was high. Damping-off, root rot, Rhytophthor a blight were mose severe on the nursery and on 2-3 years old ginseng plants, whereas sclerotinia, and grey cod, alteraria blight, anthracnose were severe on 4-6 years old ginseng plants. Root rot caused by Fusarium and Erwinia, however, was also severe regardless of the age of the plants when the roots were injured. Therefore, for the effective control of ginseng root rot most careful control of the disease during the early year should be rendered.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.169-179
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• 2017

Background: Ginsenosides are the main pharmacological components of Panax ginseng root, which are thought to be primarily responsible for the suppressing effect on oxidative stress. Methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorption capacity were applied to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the ginsenosides. Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293) cells were incubated with ginsenosides extracted by pulsed electric field (PEF) and solvent cold soak extraction (SCSE) for 24 h and then the injury was induced by $40{\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$. The cell viability and surface morphology of HEK-293 cells were studied using MTS assay and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate fluorescent probe assay was used to measure the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species. The intracellular antioxidant activities of ginsenosides were evaluated by cellular antioxidant activity assay in HepG2 cells. Results: The PEF extracts displayed the higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and stronger oxygen radical absorption capacity (with an oxygen radical absorption capacity value of $14.48{\pm}4.04{\mu}M\;TE\;per\;{\mu}g/mL$). The HEK-293 cell model also suggested that the protective effect of PEF extracts was dose-dependently greater than SCSE extracts. Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate assay further proved that PEF extracts are more active (8% higher than SCSE extracts) in reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation. In addition, scanning electron microscopy images showed that the HEK-293 cells, which were treated with PEF extracts, maintained more intact surface morphology. Cellular antioxidant activity values indicated that ginsenosides extracted by PEF had stronger cellular antioxidant activity than SCSE ginsenosides extracts. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the antioxidative effect of ginsenosides extracted by PEF in vitro. Furthermore, rather than SCSE, PEF may be more useful as an alternative extraction technique for the extraction of ginsenosides with enhanced antioxidant activity.