• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.379-385
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• 1992

Ginseng damage by the African mole cricket (GTyllotalpa africana Palisot de Beauvois) was investigated in the field and laboratory from 1984 to 1991. Ginseng damage by G. africana occurred mainly in the 2nd year ginseng fields during May and June (spring period), and the damage was not nearly recognized in September and October (fall period) when densities of G. africana adults were higher in the field. In the laboratory and field cage, damage of 2nd year ginseng considerably decreased during fall period, which had no relation to ginseng diameter, and 3rd year ginseng was not damaged at all. Soil hardness seemed to influence on ginseng damage by G. africana adults.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.355-360
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• 2009

Phenanthrene ($C_{14}H_{10}$) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with three aromatic rings, and it can be produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. Comet assay was used to examine the oxidative DNA damage of lymphocytes by phenanthrene and to measure the suppressive effects of ginseng extract on the DNA damage in this investigation. The in vitro oxidative DNA damage by phenanthrene increased in a dose-dependent manner in the lymphocyte. However, the DNA damage was significantly inhibited by ascorbate. Moreover, pretreatment, cotreatment and posttreatment with ginseng extract enhanced lymphocyte resistance to the phenanthrene-induced DNA damage. Phenanthrene enhanced the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and the elevated reactive oxygen species level was reduced by treatment with ginseng extract.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.421-426
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• 1990

Field and laboratory works were conducted to Investigate the life history, ginseng damage and chemical control effect of the field slug, Deroceras varians A. Adams. D. varians laid eggs from April to June, but a small number of eggs were also found from July to September in the field. Most young slugs grew through the slimmer months to maturity by October. overwintered beneath the moist soil surface, and began feeding and egg-laying in the following April. indicating that D varians have a life cycle in a year. Damage of ginseng plants by D. varina occurred mainly from late April to mid May in the 3rd to 5th year ginseng fields with rice-straw mulching. It seems that this damage is caused by the adults in oviposition periods and related to rice-straw mulching of ginseng fields. In the experiment, ethoprop 5% granule and metaldehyde 6% bait showed relatively high effectiveness in the control of D. varians adults. Bordeaux mixture was more effective when the chemical was sprayed after infestation of the slug than before the infestation and when the 6-12 mixture was used.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.305-310
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• 2009

Phenanthrene, one of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, has been known to be toxic to the environment. In this investigation, the protective effect of red ginseng on phenanthrene-induced oxidative DNA damage was evaluated using Comet assay in A549 cells. Red ginseng's cytoprotective effect on phenanthrene-induced hemolysis was also investigated. This study's findings show that oxidative DNA damage and hemolysis were significantly prevented by red ginseng treatment. Notably, it was found that pulverizing red ginseng into ultra-fine particles even enhanced its protective effects against DNA damage and hemolysis. The results suggest that particle size reduction seems to effectively enhance red ginseng's pharmacological efficacies.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.315-320
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• 1997

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer has been extensively used in the traditional oriental medicine as a restorative, tonic and prophylatic agent. This study was devised to develop a chemopreventive agent from panax ginseng to be able to suppress the genotoxicity and oxidative damage by ractive oxygen species, which are involved with cancer or aging. Ginseng petroleum ether extract (GPE) and one of its fraction, P2, showed an antioxidative effect on the lipid peroxidiphenyl-2-picryl hydrazil (DppH) radical generation. They also showed the suppressive effect of H2O2 or KO2 induced DNA damage by single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE). Results from our study indicate that GPE and P2 are capable of protecting lipid peroxidation, and oxidative DNA damage. Therefore, GPE and P2 may be useful chempreventive agents which are involved with cancer and aging.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.146-150
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• 1992

Life history, ginseng damage, and chemical control of the snail Acusta despecta sieboldiana Pfeiffer were investigated in the field and laboratory conditions from 1987 to 1990. Eggs of the snail were whitish globular and 1.,93${\pm}$ 0.09 mm in diameter which were deposited as egg mass composed of 28.4${\pm}$ 15.4 eggs. Egg period was 11.8${\pm}$ 1.6 days under the laboratory condition. Most eggs were laid during mid July in the field. The snail had a life cycle of a year and hibernated from November to April. Significant ginseng damages by the snail (over 10% to the total number of plants) were observed only in the three to five year old ginseng fields with rice straw mulching. Based on the dates that the first ginseng damages were observed and on the questionary examination, ginseng damages seemed to occur from May to July. Metaldehyde (6%) bait showed reliable control effects on the snail.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.202-206
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• 2010

The effects of aqueous extracts of red ginseng on the damage of DNA and erythrocyte by herbicides were evaluated using comet assay and hemolysis assay. Notably, the oxidative DNA damage and erytbrocyte hemolysis by 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) were significantly suppressed by red ginseng treatment. Moreover, red ginseng could suppress significantly paraquat-induced oxidative DNA damage and hemolysis. These suppressive effects of red ginseng on the herbicide-induced damages might be due to the antioxidant components.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.174-179
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• 1991

Patterns of ginseng damage by larvae of Holotrichia diomphalia Bates in spring were investigated in 3rd year ginseng fields from 1986 to 1990. Ginseng damages were more serious in outer areas than inner areas of ginseng fields, which seemed to be due to nocturnal migration behavior of adult females. Damaged parts of 3rd year ginseng plants due to 3rd instar larvae were top, middle, bottom or whole of main roots, and rarely underground stems. Mean inhabitation depth of 3rd instar larvae were 3.2cm, 5.6cm, 6.6cm and 4.9cm in 1st, 2nd and 3rd year ginseng fields and mugwort fields, respectively. Larval feeding damage of ginseng in spring oc¬curred mainly from mid-May to early July and appeared to decrease temporarily when rainfalls increased.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.237-241
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• 1994

Surveys were conducted in 66 ginseng fields damaged by insect and other an~mal pests from 1984 to 1993. Holohichio rnoroso, Holotrichio dromphalio, Holotrichia titonis Malodera orientaliq Ectinus sericeus, Gyllotalpa ofricana, Teleog~iluse mmo, Ostrinio furnacoii* Agrotis tokionis, Marnestro brassicae, Hydrellia griseolo, unidentified stem maggo$, Pseudococcus comstocki (13 species of insects). Deroceras uarions (slug), Acusta despecta sieboldiona (snail), probably two species of rats. and pheasant species were ascertained to damage ginseng plants M them, Holotrich~a morosa, Holotrichia diomphalia, Gryliotaipo africanq Deroceras uarions, Acusto despech siebaldiano showed higher frequencies. Underground (root) damage occul~ed mainly in spring penod (MayJune) and fall period (September-Odober) in 2-year-old glnseng fields at slopes, and aboveground (leaf and stem) damage occurred mainly in spring period in 3 or more-year-old ginseng iields mulched with rice straws at plains. Three ginseng fields were abolished due to heavy underground damage.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.154-158
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• 1996

To investigate the protective effect of Korean red ginseng (RG) against oxidative damage, rats were intoxicated by carbon tetrachloride and liver tissues and blood were taken and analyzed histopathologically and biochemically. Light microscopy of the liver showed that RG prevented the necrosis of hepatocytes remarkably and reduced the change of fat. RG increased the capability for serum to suppress oxygen radical in the generating system. It is suggested that RG enhanced the antioxidative potential of the body against $CCl_4$, which would prevent the necrosis of hepatocytes in vivo.