• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.57-60
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• 1978

Significant findings concerning the cause of the gardening revolution of the eighteenth century in England, its landscape style and contribution to a new style are concluded as follows: 1. The English landscape garden is regarded as a great revolution in the history of landscape architecture, and it was in the eighteenth century, in England, that garden and landscape first came together. 2. For at no time in history has there been such general interest in gardens and in the total physical landscape, so much writing and criticism and open debate. 3. Garden design did not become a definite art form in England until the eighteenth century. During the period it can be seen that there were developing three distinct types of garden, that is, the picturesque garden, the 'poetic' garden and 'abstract' garden. 4. Also developing was a new appreciation for natural forms and natural landscape, expressed in painting, poetry and garden design, and the landscape gardeners tried bard to malce country scenery look as though man had not had a hand in it. Eventually these open spaces contributed to a new type of spatial form development of naturalistic landscape style which is today taken for granted as a normal component of the landscape architect's palette.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2005

Equilibrium geometries, electronic structures, and energies of borocarbon clusters (binary compounds of carbon and boron), an unexplored class of molecules with highly unusual characteristics and potential for further development, have been investigated by means of B3LYP/6-311+G$^*$ density functional theory computations. A large number of B$_7$C${_1}^{1-}$, B$_6C_2$, and B$_5C_{3}\,^{1+}$ clusters with planar and non-planar monocyclic and polycyclic rings, as well as cage structures, have been systematically studied. Unexpectedly, planar forms are predicted not only to be the most stable structures, but also, in many cases, to have unprecedented planar heptacoordinate boron (p-heptaB) and planar heptacoordinate carbon (p-heptaC) arrangements. All these pheptaB and p-heptaC have 6π electrons and are aromatic according to the nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS). This novel bonding pattern is analyzed in terms of natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. For virtually all possible B$_7$C${_1}^{1-}$, B$_6C_2$, and B$_5C_{3}\,^{1+}$ combinations, the p-heptaB arrangements are the more stable than other type structures.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.136-148
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• 1997

The present study has been carried out to develop a computational procedure for the analysis of the off-design performance in centrifugal compressors with vaneless diffusers by integrating empirical loss models and analytical equations. Losses in centrifugal compressors stem from a number of sources and their exact calculation is not yet possible. This study investigates several modeling schemes and shows that a fairly good prediction can be achieved by a proper selection of the most important flow parameters resulting form a meanline one-dimensional analysis. The performance maps for compressors are calculated and compared with measured performance maps. The off-design performance characteristics in terms of the pressure ratio vs. mass flow produced have generally correct forms. However, no universal means have been found to predict accurately the onset of surge. The prediction method developed through this study can serve as a tool to ensure good matching between parts and it can assist the understanding of the operational characteristics of general purpose centrifugal compressors.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.293-301
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• 2012

Quantile regression proposed by Koenker and Bassett (1978) is a statistical technique that estimates conditional quantiles. The advantage of using quantile regression is the robustness in response to large outliers compared to ordinary least squares(OLS) regression. A regression tree approach has been applied to OLS problems to fit flexible models. Loh (2002) proposed the GUIDE algorithm that has a negligible selection bias and relatively low computational cost. Quantile regression can be regarded as an analogue of OLS, therefore it can also be applied to GUIDE regression tree method. Chaudhuri and Loh (2002) proposed a nonparametric quantile regression method that blends key features of piecewise polynomial quantile regression and tree-structured regression based on adaptive recursive partitioning. Lee and Lee (2006) investigated wage determinants in the Korean labor market using the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study(KLIPS). Following Lee and Lee, we fit three kinds of quantile regression tree models to KLIPS data with respect to the quantiles, 0.05, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, and 0.95. Among the three models, multiple linear piecewise quantile regression model forms the shortest tree structure, while the piecewise constant quantile regression model has a deeper tree structure with more terminal nodes in general. Age, gender, marriage status, and education seem to be the determinants of the wage level throughout the quantiles; in addition, education experience appears as the important determinant of the wage level in the highly paid group.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.164-171
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• 1999

An optimum blank design technology is required for near-net of net-shape cold forming using sheets. Originally, the backward tracing scheme has been developed for preform design in bulk forming, and applied to several forming processes successfully. Its key concept is to trace backward from the final desirable configuration to an intermediate preform of initial blocker. A program for initial blank design in sheet forming which contains the capabilities of forward loading simulation by the finite element method and backward tracing simulation, has been developed and proved the effectiveness by applying to a square cup stamping process. In the blank design of square cup stamping, the backward tracing program can produce an optimum blank configuration which forms a sound net-shape cup product without machining after forming. Another general application appears in the blank design of a cup stamping with protruding flanges, one of typical automobile components. The blank configurations derived by backward tracing simulation have been confirmed by a series of loading simulations. The approach or decision of an initial blank configuration presented in this study will be a milestone in fields of sheet forming process design.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.594-599
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• 2009

Recent developments such as concern over global warming, depletion of fossil fuels and increase in energy demands by the increasing world population has eventually lead to mass production of electricity using renewable sources. Apart from wind and solar, ocean holds tremendous amount of untapped energy in forms such as geothermal vents, tides and waves. The current study looks at generating power using waves and the focus is on the primary energy conversion (first stage conversion) of incoming waves for different models. Observation of flow characteristics and the velocity in the augmentation channel as well as the front guide nozzle are presented in the paper. A numerical wave tank was used to simulate the waves and after obtaining the desired wave properties; the augmentation channel plus the front guide nozzle and rear chamber were integrated to the numerical wave tank. The waves in the numerical wave tank were generated by a piston type wave maker which was located at the wave tank inlet. The inlet which was modeled as a plate wall moved sinusoidally with the general function, x=asin$\omega$t The augmentation channel consisted of a front nozzle, rear nozzle and an internal fluid region representing the turbine housing. The analysis was performed using the commercial CFD code ANSYS-CFX.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.283-296
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• 2004

Joint mobilization and mechanical traction are common treatment forms for mechanical cervical spine problem. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of cervical mobilization and mechanical traction on active range of motion of cervical spine. Sixty volunteers, aged between 21 and 24 years (mean age 22), were recruited. Each subject was divided into one of three groups; mechanical traction, general coordinative manipulation, and mobilization group. Active range of motions in the cervical were measured before and after each treatment technique from each subject on the three occasions. In the cervical range of motion, all subjects regardless treatment technique showed significantly increasing ranges after applied treatment technique in all directions except extension and left rotation in the mobilization group.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to examine relations among the subjective oral symptoms, general characteristics and subject oral health perception of aged people residing in some regions of a large city, ultimately providing basic information needed to develop and implement programs oral health project and oral health education programs for the oral health promotion of those people. Methods : For the above purpose, this researcher conducted a questionnaire survey of people aged 65 or over from July 10th to 28th, 2011. Among the copies of the questionnaire distributed to the subjects, 318 were recollected. Out the recollected forms, 18 which were deemed as inappropriately filled in were excluded, and the remaining 300 were finally analyzed. Results : The results are as follows. Subjective oral symptoms have correlation(p<0.001) with aged people's subject oral health perception. Factors of influencing subject oral health perception were indicated to be age(p=0.021) and trouble chewing(p<0.001). Conclusions : A sustainable oral health management system that aims to improve the oral health of aged people should be developed and implemented. This study may have some limitations to be generalized because it was conducted by focusing on aged people of some regions only.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.270-274
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• 2007

To characterize the polysaccharides which exist as soluble forms in fruit wines, crude polysaccharides were isolated from red, white, raspberry, wild grape, and pear wine, respectively. Among them, the crude polysaccharide (RW-0) in red wine showed the highest yield and considerable amounts of thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-positive materials. The pectic polysaccharide RW-2 was purified to homogeneity from RW-0 by subsequent size-exclusion chromatography using Sephadex G-75 and its structure was characterized. RW-2 consisted of 14 different monosaccharides which included rarely observed sugars in general polysaccharides, such as 2-O-methyl-fucose, 2-O-methyl-xylose, apiose (Api), 3-C-carboxy-5-deoxy-L-xylose (aceric acid, AceA), 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (Kdo), and 3-deoxy-D-lyxo-2-heptulosaric acid (Dha). Methylation analysis indicated that RW-2 comprised at least 20 different glycosyl linkages such as 3,4-linked fucose, 2,3,4-linked rhamnose, 3'-linked apiose, and 2,3,3'-linked apiose, being characteristic in rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II). High performance size-exclusion chromatography indicated that RW-2 mainly comprised RG-II of higher molecular weight (12,000), and that the changes of molecular weight to apparent 7,000 under less than pH 2.0 were observed. These analyses indicated that the higher molecular weight polysaccharide in RW-2 was mainly present as a RG-II dimer.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.115-125
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• 2010

In the field of game design, scenarios are essential part. But general-purpose tools for production of game scenarios have not been developed yet. In order to solve these problems, we studied the difference between game scenarios and other scenarios and analyzed scenario UCC(User Created Contents) and created suitable forms of game scenarios. To make OSMU(One Source Multi Use) easier, we use XML-based format of game scenario. To verify the possibility for practical application of XML-based format, we wrote a game scenario with scenario editor that we made and applied it to scenario-based game 'FEEL Online'.