• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.9
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• pp.103-111
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of perceived parental acceptance on social anxiety and depressive symptoms in children. Seven hundred and thirty eight 5th and 6th graders completed questionnaires. Regression analyses indicated that low levels of paternal acceptance was associated with higher social anxiety and depressive symptoms. Gender was a moderator of the effects of maternal acceptance on social anxiety and depressive symptoms. With high levels of maternal acceptance, girls were significantly less likely to report social anxiety and depressive symptoms, compared to boys. These results highlight the important role of parental acceptance in manifestations of social anxiety and depressive symptoms and clarify the relation of maternal acceptance to social anxiety and depressive symptoms as a function of gender.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.46-52
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• 2014

In order to aware the situation and factors of women students' dropout from engineering college, the factor analysis for women students in P university was performed. The results showed responses that social cultural effects is more significant ones than social effect alone, and the effects of negative gender cognition in industrial circle and college to the women employees and coeds are more significant than effects of regional or positional ones. Also showed responses that the physical difference from man students, the ability for handling machine and tools, her parents' moral support, the gender cognitive engineering education and the boosting for job recruiting are more significants effects than the scholastic ability or the ageism. This may lay the foundation to make a curriculum for women included engineering education that emphasize the gender cognitive approach and the circumstances.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.641-654
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• 2015

This study identifies and tracks changes gender differences in adolescent users' problematic online behavior. This study used Korea Youth Panel Survey (KYPS), which has tracked respondents over 7 years, with self-control theory and social learning theory applied as a theoretical framework. The model included individual-level variables such as self-control and respondent's experience of problematic behavior (offline), as well as socialization variables such as the number close friends who engaged in problematic offline behavior, parent-child relationships, and parental monitoring. Dependent variables included problematic online behavior, unauthorized ID use (ID theft) and cyberbullying (cursing/insulting someone in a chat room or on a bulletin board). Control variables consisted of academic performance, time spent on a computer, monthly household income, and father's educational attainment. Random and fixed effects models were performed by gender. Results supported self-control theory even for the within-level analysis (fixed effects models) regardless of gender, while social learning theory was partially supported. Only peer effects were found significant (except for unauthorized ID use) among girls. Year dummy variables showed significant negative associations; however, academic performance and time spent using computers were significant in some models. Father's educational attainment and monthly household income were found insignificant, even in the random effects models. We also discuss implications and suggestions for future research and policy makers.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.757-769
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• 2016

The purpose of this study on effect of preparation for aging on satisfaction of life by difference according to comparison of gender on the analysis. The 3th years additional research and 4th years of Korean Panel of retirement and longitudinal study was used. The sample size of this study was 2,970 for middle aged using based on over 50 years than 64 years. The explanation of the research results are as follows: First, the difference in preparation according to comparison of gender that a statistically significant difference in both men and women. Secondly, the difference in life satisfaction according to gender for both men and women showed that a statistically significant difference. Thirdly, the preparation was confirmed that the results for both men and women is significantly difference comparison of gender differences with respect to the effects preparation for aging on satisfaction of life. As a result, the based on gender through a comparison of the effects preparation for aging on satisfaction of life in accordance with middle-aged ready to raise the preparation and satisfaction of life.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to develop capstone design model of gender analysis methods suitable for engineering education field and examine improvements and effects by applying it to actual lessons for biomedical engineering students. Case study was performed to achieve the purpose of the study. Twelve gender analysis methods were applied to 'biomedical engineering capstone design' which was major course offered by department of biomedical engineering at J university. After the students understood how to analyze gender analysis methods and cases, they decided project topics and presented what gender analysis methods were applied for each project. Additionally, the results of analysis showed that the students were more able to understand the differences between men and women of all ages and try to narrow down the differences. They also found that they could contribute to development of new added value of knowledge and technology that reflected the needs of both men and women by applying gender analysis methods in system development.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.81-89
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• 1999

User's characteristics on the screen adjustment of color TV were studied. Two experiments were performed. In the first experiment, the characteristic of screen adjustment according to TV program, ambient luminance, and gender was investigated. Twenty subjects (10 females and 10 males) were participated in this experiment. Set points of brightness, contrast, tint, and color were measured on TV screen and analyzed. Brightness and contrast were significant on gender at significant level 0.01 and color was significant on gender at significant level 0.1. Tint was significant on program at significant level 0.01. The second experiment was performed to supplement the first experiment. The influences of ambient luminance, presented image, screen setting criteria, and gender were investigated. We simplified the first experiment in the second one. We restricted dependent variables (screen control variables) to only two, brightness and contrast. Other control variables were fixed to middle values. Brightness and contrast were significant on gender and screen setting criteria at significant level 0.01. In conclusion, we found that ambient luminance and presented image had no significant effects on TV screen adjustment and TV program had only a significant effect on tint. However, we found that gender and screen setting criteria had significant effects in most conditions.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.57-69
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• 2013

This study investigates Korean high school student's perception of sexual harassment and relative effects of victim's clothing, dating behavior and respondent's gender on perceptions of alleged sexual harassment cases. A quasi-experimental method was applied using a $2{\times}2{\times}2$ between-subjects factorial design that manipulated three variables (clothing exposure, dating behavior, and gender). Questionnaires were distributed to a convenience sample of 540 high school students and 530 questionnaires were used for the data analysis. The results indicate that the victim's clothing and dating behavior had a significant main effect on the responsibility for sexual harassment. The respondent put less responsibility on the assailant when the victim wore revealing clothing and when her dating behavior was provocative. The significant interaction effect between the respondents' gender and the victim's dating behavior indicated that when the victim's behavior was provocative, female respondents held more responsible to victim than male respondents did. The results also indicate that victim's clothing, dating behavior, and respondent's gender had significant main effect on the justification of sexual harassment. The respondents indicated that assailant's behavior is unjustifiable; however, when victim more revealing clothing, they indicated that the behavior is more justifiable.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.251-259
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to identify main effect of gender and expenditure, and interaction effect of gender by expenditure on satisfaction with foodservices of western restaurants. Accordingly, this study surveyed questionnaires concerning 20 measures of foodservice as well as major subject descriptors. The result of this study was as follows: KMO and Bartlett's test statistics showed that the data well fitted a factor analysis. Results of the factor analysis, average variance extracted estimates, and shared variance showed that the convergent and discriminant validities of 5 factors were supported, and Cronbach's alpha also showed that the internal consistencies of 5 factors were supported. But there was an interaction effect between independent variables and covariate on service quality factor. This study, therefore, used food decor factor, facility factor, food quality factor, and food value factor as dependent variables in two way 3$\times$2 design factorial ANCOVA. It was found that there were no main effects of gender and expenditure on those four factors. It was however revealed that there was an interaction effect of gender by expenditure on food decor factor.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.37-48
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• 2020

Purpose: There has been an increasing focus on consumer ethics by researchers and practitioners alike with the former seeking to examine the general discrepancy between ethical attitude, intention and actual behaviour by proposing behavioural measures to understand ethical consumption. Research into the effects of generational cohorts and gender, two fundamental demographic factors that shape the consumer habituated repertoire, on consumer ethics has reported mixed findings. The present study investigates if there are differences in ethical consumer behavior by generational cohorts and by gender in the context of an emerging market - Vietnam. Research design, data and methodology: Data was collected using a quantitative survey (a link to the questionnaire was posted on relevant social media platforms). A total of 539 usable responses was used for ANOVAs and independent t-tests to test the hypotheses. Results: a) There are significant differences in terms of ethical consumer behavior between Gen Z and Gens Y/X, but no difference between Gen X and Gen Y; b) There is no gender difference in ethically minded consumer behavior. Conclusion: For consumer ethics, generational effects may be moderated by macroeconomic conditions, while gender alone as a biological variable may not be a reliable predictor.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.117-131
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of adolescent self-conscious emotion, empathy, forgiveness and prosocial behavior across gender and grade, to analyze the difference between the correlations among prosocial behavior and other variables across gender and grade, and to investigate the effects of adolescent self-conscious emotion, empathy, forgiveness on prosocial behavior in each gender and grade group. The subjects were 272 adolescents who were recruited by purposive sampling in the Chungbuk area. The results indicated that the empathy of girls was higher than that of boys. Boys showed a stronger correlation between prosocial behavior and guilt than girls. Next, boys' prosocial behavior was predicted by cognitive empathy, guilt, and pride, whereas girls' prosocial behavior was predicted by forgiveness toward others, pride, cognitive empathy and emotional empathy. Last, middle school students' prosocial behavior was predicted by pride and guilt, whereas that of high school students' was predicted by cognitive empathy, guilt, pride, and forgiveness toward others and the situation. In conclusion, self-conscious emotions, empathy, and forgiveness all predicted adolescent prosocial behavior but in different ways across gender and grade. It implies that adolescents need diverse educational programs according to their gender and grade, to promote their self-conscious emotions, moral emotions, and prosocial behavior.