• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.189-199
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• 2006

Purpose of study: Partial thickness skin graft is the golden standard regimen for full-thickness skin defect caused by burn or trauma. However, in case of extensive burns of more than 50% of total body surface area, the donor site is not sufficient to cover all defects. As a second choice, allograft, xenograft and synthetic materials have been used to treat skin defect. Among them the amniotic membrane(AM) was used as a biological dressing for centuries because of its potential for wound healing. In this study, quantification of EGF in AM and effect of AM-collagen complex on full thickness skin defects was examined. Materials & Methods: The concentration of EGF in fresh, deep frozen and freeze-dried AM was evaluated by ELISA. EGF-R immunostaining was performed in freeze-dried AM. SD rats weighing 250${\sim}$300g was used for wound healing experiment. Three full thickness skin defects(28mm diameter) were made on dorsal surface of SD rat. The control group was covered by Vaselin gauze and AM-collagen complex and $Terudermis^{(R)}$. was grafted in two other defects. Healing area, Cinamon's score were evaluated before biopsy. Grafted sites were retrieved at 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after operation. H & E and Factor VIII immunohistochemical stain was performed to evaluate the microscopic adhesion and structural integrity and microvessel formation. Results: 1. EGF concentration of fresh, deep frozen and freeze-dried AM showed similar level and EGF-R was stained in epithelial layer of freeze-dried AM. 2. At 4 weeks after grafting, the healing area of AM-collagen and Terudermis group was 99.29${\pm}$0.71% and 99.19${\pm}$0.77 of original size. However, that of control group was 24.88${\pm}$2.90. 3. The Cinamon's score of AM-Collagen and $Terudermis^{(R)}$. group at 4 weeks was 15.6${\pm}$1.26 and 14.6${\pm}$3.13 and that of control group was 3.7${\pm}$0.95. Significant difference was observed among control and experimental groups(p<0.05). 4. Histologic examination revealed that AM protected leukocyte infiltration and epithelial migration was nearly completed at 4 weeks. $Terudermis^{(R)}$. group showed mild neutrophil infiltration until 2 weeks and completion of epithelization at 4 weeks. Control group showed massive leukocyte infiltration until 4 weeks. 5. Microvessels were increased sharply at 1 week and control group at 1 and 4 week showed significant differences with $Terudermis^{(R)}$. group of same interval(p<0.05) but no differences were found with AM group(p<0.05). Conclusion: EGF and EGF-R were well preserved in freeze-dried AM. AM attached to collagen acted as excellent biologic dressing which had similar effect with $Terudermis^{(R)}$. AM showed anti-inflammatory action and healing was completed at 4 weeks after full-thickness skin defect.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.17-26
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• 2002

Reducing the level of stress and insomnia by aromatherapy is proposed as a method of self-care and health promotion in the future. Of the people who received aromatherapy from July, 1999 to February, 2000 at the Complementary and Alternative Medicine Center at the Gyeongu City Health Center, 48 people agreed to participate in a questionnaire survey, presented before and after their aromatherapy, and the data were analyzed. When the people received aromatherapy at the Complementary and Alternative Medicine Center, they inhaled the aroma from a vaporizer and when at home, they inhaled from a tissue, gauze or washbowl. Two sessions per week (2 hrs./session) were provided at the Center in the total 1-month duration of the therapy. The oil made from a blend of clarysage, geranium, rose at a ratio of 3:2:1 was used for relieving stress, and the oil made from a blend of clarysage, lavender, and lemon at 2:2:1 ratio was used for relieving insomnia. The scores of stress of 92.5 17.5 points before aromatherapy significantly reduced to $87.4{\pm}4.2$ points after therapy(p<0.01), and the scores of insomnia of $2.5{\pm}1.2$ points before aromatherapy significantly reduced to $1.0{\pm}1.1$ points after therapy(p<0.01). The reduction in stress and insomnia from aromatherapy was more significant in those who were experiencing high levels of stress and insomnia. Therefore, stress and its related insomnia can be effectively relieved with proper application of aromatherapy. With benefits such as little side-effects, convenient and simple education, low cost, and the do-it-yourself feature. aromatherapy can be expanded into a self-management program for promoting health of the community people.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.3 s.136
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• pp.195-200
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• 2004

The occurrence pattern and bionomics of Selatosomus puncticollis (Motschulsky) were surveyed in three net house (6$\times$70m) in the field and in a laboratory ($20^{\circ}C$, RH$75\%$, L16/DB). Emergence of hibernated adults of S. puncricollis started from early May, reached peak at early June and diminished in late June. Occurrence rate to total number was $42.1\%$ in early June and $31.7\%$ in late May, when most of hibernated adults emerged at these periods. Adults started to oviposit from mid June, and eggs hatched from early July Larvae turned into pupae from mid July and emerged to adults from mid August. Egg-period was 23 days and pupal period was 21 days. It is estimated that preovipositional period and larval period were approximately 10 months and 30 months, respectively. Wireworms were distributed at the soil depth of 10-5 cm, $56.8\%$ in 1997 and $45.8\%$ in 1998. To establish bait techniques to attract wireworms in the soil, six baits: pieces of potato, carrot, and sweet potato, wheat grains, corns, and flour dough wrapped with gauze, were buried at 15 cm of soil depth, and collected after 5 and 10 days. The numbers of wireworms attracted by potato pieces, wheat grains and sweet potato pieces after 10 days were 1.8, 1.6, and 1.4/bait, respectively. Therefore, burying potato pieces at 15 cm of soil depth and collected after 10 days could be recommended as a wireworm baiting technique.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.149-155
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of mobilization on bone-implant interface prior to osseointegration of fixtures. Materials and methods: The experimental implants (3.75 mm in diameter, 4.0 mm in length) were made of commercially pure (Grade IV) titanium, and were treated with RBM ($MegaGen^{(R)}$: Ca-P). The 80 implants (two in each tibia) were inserted into the monocortical tibias of 20 rabbits which each weighed more than 3.5 kg (Female, New Zealand White). According to the removal torque interval, the groups were divided into 10 groups, Group I (6 wks), Group II (4 days+6 wks), Group III (4 days+1 wk+6 wks), Group IV (1 wk+6 wks), Group V (1 wk+1 wk+6 wks), Group VI (2 wks+6 wks), Group VII (2 wks+ 1 wk+6 wk), Group VIII (3 wks+6 wks), Group IX (3 wks+1 wk+6 wks) and Group X (10 wks). The control groups were Group I and X, the removal torque was measured at 6 wks and 10 wks with a digital torque gauge (Mark-10, USA). In the experimental groups, the removal torque was given once or twice before the final removal torque and the value was measured each time. After which, the implants were put back where they had been except the control groups. All the experimental groups were given a final healing time (6 wks) before the final removal torque test, in which values were compared with the control groups and the 1st and/or 2nd removal torque values in each experimental group. Results: In the final removal torque tests, the removal torque value of Group X (10 wks) was higher than that of Group I (6 wks) in the control groups but not statistically different. There were no significant differences between the experimental groups and control groups (P>.05). In the first removal torque comparison, the experimental groups (4 days or 1 wk) values were significantly lower than the other experimental groups (2 wks or 3 wks). In the comparison of each experimental group according to healing time, the final removal torque value was significantly higher than the 1st torque test value. Conclusion: Once or twice mobilization of fixture prior to osseointegration did not deter the final bone to implant osseointegration, if sufficient healing time was given.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.82-92
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• 2000

Background : In chronic airway disease, mucus secretion is increased, but extraction of mucin, which is the main component of mucus secretion, is a very complicated and limited in clinical use. Recently, monoclonal antibody for mucin was developed for possible clinical use. In this study, cellular analysis and quantification of respiratory mucin in sputum of patients with chronic airway diseases were performed. Method : Sputum was collected from patients with asthma(n=33), bronchiectasis(n=8) or chronic bronchitis (n=13) by spontaneous expectoration or by hypertonic saline induction. Collected sputums was treated by 0.1% dithiotreitol to dissociate the disulfide bond of the mucus and filtered through a nylon gauze. Total cell count, viability and differential count were measured. For detection of mucin, collected samples were treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then with monoclonal antibody(HMO2), as the primary antibody, and PAS stain. The amount of mucin was measured with ELISA by HMO2. Correlation with clinical information, cellular analysis, and amount of measured mucin were analyzed. Results : Total cell counts of sputum were significantly increased in patients with bronchiectasis but viability remained the same. Eosinophils were significantly increased in patients with asthma, neutrophils in bronchiectasis chronic bronchitis, respectively (p<0.05). The results of Western blotting and PAS staining confirmed the presence of glycoproteins and matched? with mucin. The amounts of mucin measured by ELISA were not significantly different among the disease groups. Significant correlation was identified between the amount of mucin and viability(r=-0.482, p<0.05). Conclusion : Inflammatory cells in the sputum of those with chronic airway disease were different for each disease type. Measurement of mucin by ELISA via monoclonal antibodies may be a simple method for the evaluation of chronic airway disease.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.292-299
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate parental knowledge and attitude and practices relating to infant oral health care and to promote their motivations to their children's oral health care. Authors interviewed 350 persons in Ilwon-Dong and whose children were between 0 to 36 months old and acquired questionnaire from them. The questionnaire constituted of questions about general knowledge of tooth eruption, methods of oral hygiene care, and opinions about preventive dental visit. The collected data were analysed and compared with other researches. The important results obtained from this study were : 1. Females and highly educated persons had more dental knowledge than males and poorly educated persons. But age and economic status did not affect their level of dental knowledge. 2. Fifty nine percents of respondents thought that tooth began to be formed before birth. 3. Seventy six percents of respondents thought that infant oral health care should begin before tooth eruption, but actually only 63% started oral hygiene care before age one. 4. Seventy percents of respondents used gauze for infant oral care. 5. Fifty seven percents of respondents still gave bottles to their children after they reached age one or more and 55% of respondents never heard of nursing caries. 6. Ninety percents of respondents agreed that carious deciduous teeth need restorations, and 31% of respondents thought that age two is the appropriate time for the first dental visit. 7. Forty seven percents of parents did not think that dental caries is an infectious disease. 8. Only Thirty three percents of parents visited dental clinics for examination and prevention during pregnancy and only 11% of expecting parents were offered dental health care education in pediatric or obstetrician clincs. 9. Information about oral health care was mostly given from baby megazines. 10. Overall parental knowledge about infant oral health care was not sufficient to maintain appropriate dental care for infants.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.9-23
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• 1968

A survey was conducted by the staff of the College of Medicine and School of Public Health, Seoul National University in cooperation with Seoul Special City from 1 December 1967 through 28 February 1968, on such events as delivery, death, abortion and pregnancy. The survey directed to a total population of 47,811 residing in 9,157 households led us to the following findings: 1. Two year averages of crude birth rate, crude death rate and natural increase rate were 30.1, 5.6 and 24.5, respectively. 2. Of all deliveries, home and hospital deliveries constituted 61.1 per cent and 35.5 per cent, respectively. 3. Deliveries other than hospital deliveries were found to be attended more often by mother-in-laws (26.5 per cent) than by doctors or midwives(23.4 per cent). 4. About 51 per cent of all women having experiences in pregnancy during the last two years had an experience of consulting a doctor at least one time throughout whole period of pregnancy. 5. In most cases scissors were used to cut umbilical cords, of which 71.0 per cent were not sterilized and only 20.3 per cent sterilized. 6. In many cases placenta was incinerated(48.2 per cent) and on many other occasions it was thrown away into water(28.3 per cent). 7. Cement bags(37.4 per cent), gauze and absorbent cotton(29.8 per cent) were found to be most frequently used to receive new-born babies. 8. In 1966 8. 8 per cent of the women had at least one abortion induced and in 1967 the percentage was 9.2 per cent. 9. Nearly all(95.8 per cent) of the induced abortions reportedly were done at doctor's clinics. 10. Of all the abortions induced 65.3 per cent were done by specialists in obstetrics, 30.3 per cent by general practitioners and 2.7 per cent by midwives. 11. Those who experienced spontaneous abortions were 1.9 per cent of all women both in 1966 and 1967. 12. About 9.2 per cent of women investigated were found to be currently pregnant. 13. Age specific death rate turned out to be highest among those under 1 year of age. 14. Ten major causes of death in their order of frequency were: 15. Places of death can be classified into homes(75.3 per cent) and hospitals(13.2 per cent). 16. Method of disposing of corpses comprised burials(54.2 per cent) and cremations(44.6 per cent). 17. Infant, neonatal and hebdomadal mortality rates have been computed at 32.2, 18.9 and 13.7, respectively. 18. Infants were found to have died either at homes(81.5 per cent) or at hospitals(18.5 per cent). 19. Birth registrations had been done for about 18.5 per cent of the dead infants.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2004

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of skin dose and PDD by using wounds protecting gauzes or Vaselinespread gauzes. And it was studied that the possibility to substitute custom bolus into gauzes. 4MV photon (CL600C, varian, US), Polystyrene Phantom (30(W) X30(L) X 30(H)) with Markus chamber(PTW, US) were used for dose measurement. This study was distinguished natural gauzes and spread over Vaseline gauzes. We gave variety to the gauze thickness at 5, 10 and 15 sheets respectively. For comparison between using bolus and not that, we had used 1.0 cm thickness bolus so that analyzed surface dose and PDD at the same conditions above mentioned. When maximum point was defined as reference point, surface dose was measured as $35\%$ in open beam. When the gauzes were attached to surface as 5, 10 and 15 sheets, surface dose were increased as 69, 80 and $91\%$ respectively according to thickness of gauzes. When spread over Vaseline gauzes were attached to surface as 5, 10 and 15 sheets, surface dose were increased respectively as 98, 100 and $98\%$ according to thickness of gauzes. Also when 0.5 cm bolus and 5 sheets gauzes were composed, surface dose was measured as $98\%$. The gauzes that were attached to skin surface in radiation therapy had been scattering material and contributed increasing surface dose without variation of percentage depth dose. However, if we want to delivery much dose to skin surface then we have to apply many sheets of gauzes to skin surface. Although we get easy that result by bolus or spread over Vaseline gauzes, we have to revise percentage depth dose at calculation. Therefore, if we find pertinent conditions based on measured data that are considered skin dose and patient setup efficiency, to replace custom bolus with gauzes will be helpful to efficient treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.707-714
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• 2005

Ingredient ratio for making nabak kimchi and the manufacturing method were standardized from the available literatures. Fermentation properties and $CO_2$ production of the nabak kimchi were investigated during the fermentation at $5^{\circ}C,\;10^{\circ}C,\;and\;20^{\circ}C$. Standardized ingredients ratio of nabak kimchi that added 100 mL of water was as follows: 45.0 g baechu cabbage, 26.9 g radish, 1.9 g green onion, 1.0 g red pepper, 1.2 g crushed garlic, 0.9 g crushed ginger, 0.7 g red pepper powder. The standardized manufacturing method of nabak kimchi was as follows: washing ingredients, cutting radish and baechu cabbage $(2.5\times2.5\times0.5\;cm)$, salting for 20 min, washing and draining, pretreatment of ingredients, dissolving red pepper powder in water, blending, mixing, and adding the water to the mixed ingredients. Fermentations at $5^{\circ}C$ for 8 days, at $10^{\circ}C$ for 3 days, and at $20^{\circ}C$ for 1 day led to the acidity levels of $0.21\%,\;0.20\%,\;and\;0.31\%$, respectively. From the relationships between optimally ripened pH and acidity, nabak kimchi showed lower acidity of $0.20\~0.25\%$ with pH $4.2\~4.5.$ Like other kinds of kimchi, the Levels of Leuconostoc sp. were high specially at later stage of fermentation at low temperature $(5^{\circ}C)$. However, the levels of Lactobacillus sp. were low at $5^{\circ}C$. Nabak kimchi produced high levels of $CO_2$ in the initial fermentation period and followed by rapid decrease of $CO_2$ production with the fermentation. From the relationships between pH and $CO_2$ content, the highest $CO_2$ contents were found pH $4.0\~4.4$, 3.8 and 3.4 at $5^{\circ}C,\;10^{\circ}C$, and $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. This fact indicated that fermentation at $5^{\circ}C$ has the highest $CO_2$ content at optimally ripened pH of 4.3 and the fermentation at lower temperature such as $5^{\circ}C$ could extend the eatable time of nabak kimchi.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.243-248
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the removal torque between prefabricated and customized implant abutment screw. Materials and methods: Three types of implant system (Osstem, Astra, Zimmer) were used. For each system, prefabricated abutment screw (control group) and customized abutment screw (test group) were used to connect the fixture and the abutment (n = 6). Digital torque gauze was used to control the tightening torque and the screws were tightened under each manufacturer's recommendation. 10 minutes after the connection the same tightening torque was applied, and 5 minutes after the second connection, the removal torque was measured. This procedure was repeated 10 times. In the cyclic loading test, 10 minutes after the first connection to the 6 groups (n = 3), the same tightening torque was applied, and a total of 1,000,000 time loading was applied at 30 degree angle to long axis with 50 N load. Repeated measures of ANOVA test (${\alpha}$=.05) was used as statistics to evaluate the effect of repeated loading number on the removal torque. Independent t-test was used to evaluate the difference in removal torque after cyclic loading. Results: The removal torque significantly decreased as the number of loading repetition increased (P<.05). In the 10 time repetition test, there was no significant difference between the prefabricated and customized implant abutment screw of the 3 implant system (P<.05). Also in the cyclic loading test, there was no significant difference between the prefabricated and customized implant abutment screw of the 3 implant system (P<.05). Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, there was no significant difference in the removal torque between the prefabricated abutment screw and customized abutment screws.