• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.258-267
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• 2002

In this study the general pharmacological profiles of AS6 on the central nervous system, cardiovascular and the other organs were investigated. The dosages given were 0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg and drugs were orally administered. The animals used for this study were mice, rats and guinea pigs. Significant increases (p<0.01) in the charcoal transport capacity were observed at the high dose of 1000 mg/kg and significant increases in retardation of pain threshold were observed in the test using acetic acid in all dosed animals. However, AS6 showed no noticeable effects on general behavior, motor coordination, spontaneous locomotor activity, hexobarbital-induced sleep time, body temperature, analgesic activity in the test using hot plate method and anticonvulsant activity. Furthermore no noticeable effects were observed in cardiovascular functions in the isolated rat heart, contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in the isolated guinea ileum, gastric secretion and renal function.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.139-147
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• 1985

Americal A from the seeds of Phytolacca americana, was investigated for the antiinflammatory activity. The compound significantly inhibited edema induction, granuloma formation, arthritis induction and leucocyte emigration in CMC-pouch. But its anticarrageenin activity was not exhibited in adrenalectomized rats. These findings together with decrease in the contents of ascorbic acid and cholesterol in adrenals by administration of the compound suggest that its activity is mediated through stimulation of the pituitary-adrenal axis. The acute toxicity of the compound is very weak and gastric ulceration was not produced by the compound.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.15-23
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• 2019

Objective : Reflux esophagitis (RE) is a disease that caused gastric acid reflux and inflammation due to unstable gastroesophageal sphincter, as increasing worldwide respectively. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Evodiae Fructus (EF) extract on chronic reflux esophagitis in rats. Methods : The EF was measured antioxidant activity, such as total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2'-azinobis-3-ethyl-enzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. Rats were divided into 3 groups; Nor (normal group), Con (chronic acid reflux esophagitis rats treatment with water), EF (chronic acid reflux esophagitis rat treatment with EF 200 mg/kg body weight group). A surgically-induced chronic acid reflux esophagitis (CARE) model was established in SD rats, and treated with water or EF 200 mg/kg body weight for 14 consecutive days. Results : Administration of EF to rats of induction of chronic acid reflux esophagitis was found to reduce esophagus tissues injury. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and produces peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) levels of esophagus tissues were significantly decreased in EF compared to Con group. As results of esophagus protein analyses, EF effectively reduce inflammatory-related factors ($NF-{\kappa}Bp65$, $p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, iNOS, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6), and increase anti-oxidant enzyme (Nrf2, HO-1, SOD, catalase, GPx-1/2). Conclusions : These results suggest that EF administration comfirmed that decreased esophagus tissues injury, oxidantive stress, anti-inflammation effect, and increased anti-oxidant effect. Therefore, EF was the potential to be used as a natural therapeutic drug.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.292-301
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• 1986

The combined preparations of the traditional Korean prescriptions, Sahyangsohap-won (A1) and Woohwangporyong-hwan (B1) were evaluated on pharmacological actions in rats and mice, in parallel with the preparations of their modified prescriptions (A2 and B2). The acute toxicities of the four preparations were very low of which $LD_{50}$ values were more than 4g/kg, p.o. and no systematic symptoms were found at the doses. All the preparations showed sedative action by prolongation of sleeping time induced with hexobarbital sodium. The action was more potent in the modified preparations than in the original ones. All the preparations had no anticonvulsant action both in chemoshock seizures induced by pentetrazole and strychnine and in electroshock seizure. In rat fundus preparation, A1 and A2 elicited strong contraction at the concentration of $1{\times}10^{-3}\;g/ml$ in bath, whereas B1 and B2 did neither contraction nor relaxation at the same concentration. The four preparations had no inhibitory effect against acetylcholine induced spasm. In rat intestinal preparation, the four preparations exhibited neither contraction nor relaxation. However, A1 and A2 had antagonistic effect against spasm at the concentration of $1{\times}10^{-3}\;g/ml$. Single administration of each preparation at the dose of 0.24g/kg, p.o. stimulated the secretion of pepsin in rat stomach without inciting the secretion of gastric juice. Their stimulating actions were more marked in B1 and B2 than in A1 and A2, and were more promptly exhibited in the modified preparations (A2 and B2). Accelerating action of bile secretion by single administration of each preparation was found at the dose of 0.24g/kg, p.o. in rats. All the preparations except A2 also stimulated the secretion of bile acid.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2003

The PVP-based solid dispersion systems (SDs) containing lovastatin (LOS) and solubilizers (sodium lauryl sulfate, tween 80 and oleic acid) were prepared to enhance dissolution rate of practically water insoluble LOS using solvent evaporation method. Two different organic cosolvents either acetone/ethanol or acetonitrile/ethanol were used for the preparation of SDs. The LOS contents were highly decreased when acetone/ethanol cosolvents were used. The decrease of LOS contents was not caused by acetonitrile or acetone, based on HPLC data. The surface morphology as investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and angle of repose as an index of flowability of SDs were highly dependent on the type and amount of solubilizers used. Based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction data, the SDs made crystalline LOS into amorphous structure or partially eutectic mixtures. The simultaneous use of the solubilizers in SDs was also useful to increase dissolution rate of LOS in gastric or intestinal fluid. The SDs containing solubilizers reached 76% and 60% in gastric and intestinal fluid, respectively but the commercial tablet gave only less than 4%. These solubilizers in SDs could be also applicable for enhancing dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.128-137
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• 2010

This review summarizes gender differences in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and adverse drug reactions. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics are categorized by four major factors: absorption/bioavailability, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. There are sex-based differences in gastric emptying time, gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity, apparent volume of distribution, ${\alpha}1$-acid glycoprotein level, phase I (CYP) and phase II metabolizing enzymes, glomerular filtration rate, and drug transporters. This review also reports gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cardiovascular agents, central nervous system acting agents and antiviral agents. In addition, it has been reported that females experience more adverse reactions such as coughing, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, rash, hypersensitivity, hepatotoxicity, and metabolic disorder after taking cardiovascular, central nervous system acting and antiviral agents. Therefore, in order to provide optimal drug dosage regimens both in male and female, gender differences in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and adverse drug reactions must be considered.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.866-872
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• 2005

H. pylori is known to cause severe gastric diseases, including peptic ulcers and gastric cancers, and a link has also been suggested with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA). However, little is known about the pathogenesis of H. pylori-associated IDA. In the present study, to determine whether H. pylori strains are correlated with the prevalence of IDA, we analyzed and compared the sequences of the napA genes encoding a bacterioferritin-like protein in H. pylori strains. A total of 20 H. pylori strains were isolated from antral biopsies of patients with and without IDA, and the napA genes amplified from the genomic DNA were sequenced. A comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences for NapA revealed two sites with major variations. At residue 70, five out of the 12 non-IDA strains ($41.7\%$) contained serine, while only one of the 8 IDA strains ($12.5\%$) contained serine, indicating a significantly higher frequency of serine in the non-IDA strains. In addition, the NapA proteins from all 17 Western strains available on Web sites were found to contain serine residues at this position. Meanwhile, the other major variation was located at residue 73, where all eight IDA strains ($100\%$) contained leucine, while this was only true for eight of the 12 non-IDA strains ($66.7\%$). Therefore, these results indicated that the strains within each group were more genetically related to each other than to strains in the other group. When the expression level of the napA genes in the H. pylori strains was measured using RT-PCR, no significant difference was observed between the two groups, suggesting a similar intensity for the inflammatory responses induced by the NapA protein among the strains. Consequently, when taken together, the present data suggest that the occurrence of H. pylori-associated IDA may be partly determined by the infecting H. pylori strain, and the non-IDA strains are more closely related to Western strains than the IDA strains.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.108-116
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• 2017

Omeprazole, a benzimidazole derivative, suppresses gastric acid secretion by inhibiting $H^+/K^+$ ATPase in gastric parietals cells, and by reducing $H^+$ concentration. To improve stability of esomeprazole magnesium dihydrate (ESMD), enteric-coated preperation was composed of core tablet, subcoating and enteric coating layer. We were evaluated in vitro dissolution characteristics between test and reference ESMD preparation and stability. We could prepare enteric-coated formulation of ESMD by controlling disintegrating agent and coating ratio which could rapidly dissolved in neutral or alkali medium. The formulation D5 with crospovidone of 1.25% and coating ratio of 16.25% had a similar dissolution behavior compare to reference preparation. Difference factor ($f_1$) and similarity factor ($f_2$) were 0~15 and 50~100 and there was no significant difference in bioequivalence between formulations. The content and dissolution rate of formulation D5 were $96.54{\pm}0.21$ and $78.56{\pm}0.87%$ without change of color in accelerated condition ($40^{\circ}C$, RH 75%, high density polyethylene (HDPE) container) for 6 months. This study concluded that our enteric coated preparation of ESMD could be an useful method to improve stability of unstable drug without direct contact with coating material.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.362-374
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the inhibitory effect of Banhasasim-tang on early reflux esophagitis by control of gastric peristalsis and the lower esophageal sphincter in mice. Methods : Experimental mice were classified into three groups. The normal group were mice with no inflammation. The control group were mice with gastroesophageal reflux elicited by alcohol. The sample group were mice administered Banhasasim-tang after gastroesophageal reflux elicitation. We observed morphological change and production of ghrelin, substance P, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in gastroesophageal junction mucosa. In addition, we examined change of epithelial junction in esophageal mucosa and change of lower esophageal sphincter distribution. Results : The migration of inflammation-related cells in lamina propria of gastroesophageal junction decreased more in the sample group than in the control group. The positive reaction of ghrelin, substance P, and iNOS significantly decreased more in the sample group than in the control group (p<0.05). Injury of the epithelial junction in the esophageal mucosa and outer oblique layer in the lower esophageal sphincter were significantly mitigated by Banhasasim-tang administration in the sample group (p<0.05). Conclusions : According to the above results, it is supposed that Banhasasim-tang inhibits early reflux esophagitis by controlling not only gastric peristalsis and acid secretion through ghrelin, and substance P but also the lower esophageal sphincter through iNOS.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.27-41
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• 1993

Degree of noise by personal dental laboratory working process and degree of noise by complex dental laboratory working process were measured separtely. The time of exposure to noise greater than 70dB was analyzed. Then, the whole degree of noise in dental laboratory was estimated on the basis of afore-mentioned information. Questionaire were employed to investigate the mental, emotional and physiological effects of noise in dental technicians, The purpose of this study was to provide basic information on keeping dental techneicans who are exposed to noise pollution in good working condition and good health. Results obtained are as follows ; 1. Polishing process in each working part showed high degree of noise greater than 70dB in terms of degree of noise by personal working. 2. Degree of noise by complex working process in each working part was greater than that of personal working process. 3. Time of exposure to noise complex working process the part of porcelain 150min, partial denture 120 min, crown and bridge 100 min, full denture 80 min. 4. Degree of noise by time in dental laboratory was 80dB in general for polishing process and below 75dB for waxing process. 5. Effects of noise on mental and emotional state of dental technicians showed that they felt irritated every day(14%), irritated once in a while(29%) and easily ger mad(19%). 6. Effects of noise on heart and stomach were hyper-gastric acid(38%), gastric ulcer(11%), gastritis(5%), deuodenal ulcer(3%) and weak heart function(32%). 7. Effects of noise in the hearing ability were weak(39%), moderate(33%) and normal(14%) Data presented in this study demonstrated that noise in the dental laboratory exerts profound effect on dental technicians mentally, physiologically and emotionally, in light of the above results, therefore, it appears advisable to devots substantial on the management of working condition and put further(continuing) efforts in the investigation for reducing noise problem.