• 천문학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.127-138
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• 2012

We explore how wave-particle interactions affect diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) at astrophysical shocks by performing time-dependent kinetic simulations, in which phenomenological models for magnetic field amplification (MFA), Alfv$\acute{e}$nic drift, thermal leakage injection, Bohm-like diffusion, and a free escape boundary are implemented. If the injection fraction of cosmic-ray (CR) particles is ${\xi}$ > $2{\times}10^{-4}$, for the shock parameters relevant for young supernova remnants, DSA is efficient enough to develop a significant shock precursor due to CR feedback, and magnetic field can be amplified up to a factor of 20 via CR streaming instability in the upstream region. If scattering centers drift with Alfv$\acute{e}$n speed in the amplified magnetic field, the CR energy spectrum can be steepened significantly and the acceleration efficiency is reduced. Nonlinear DSA with self-consistent MFA and Alfv$\acute{e}$nic drift predicts that the postshock CR pressure saturates roughly at ~10 % of the shock ram pressure for strong shocks with a sonic Mach number ranging $20{\leq}M_s{\leq}100$. Since the amplified magnetic field follows the flow modification in the precursor, the low energy end of the particle spectrum is softened much more than the high energy end. As a result, the concave curvature in the energy spectra does not disappear entirely even with the help of Alfv$\acute{e}$nic drift. For shocks with a moderate Alfv$\acute{e}$n Mach number ($M_A$ < 10), the accelerated CR spectrum can become as steep as $E^{-2.1}$ - $E^{-2.3}$, which is more consistent with the observed CR spectrum and gamma-ray photon spectrum of several young supernova remnants.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 1991

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) with adjunctive oral litholytic therapy has proven to be a useful treatment in selected patients with gallbladder stones. To study the effect of ESWL on gallbladder dynamics, $^{99m}Tc-DISIDA$ hepatobiliary scintigraphy was done for 25 patients with symptomatic gallstones and 10 normal controls. Of these 25 patients, 15 were treated with ESWL and adjunctive oral litholytic agents (ESWL group) and 10 were treated only with oral litholytic agents (UDCA group). After overnight fast and gallbladder visualization on a routine hepatobiliary scintigraphy with 7mCi of $^{99m}Tc-DISIDA$, subjects were given fatty meal and imaged with a gamma camera interfaced to a computer (1 frame/minute for 70 minutes). A gallbladder time-activity curve was generated and latent period (LP), ejection period (EP), ejection fraction (EF) and ejection rate (ER) were calculated. ESWL group were studied before, 1day after and 2weeks after ESWL, and WDCA group were studied before and 2weeks after starting oral medication. Mean basal EF was significantly reduced in patients but other parameters were not reduced. In ESWL group, mean EF and mean ER at lday after ESWL were reduced. In 3 of them, gallbladder was not visualized at all. Two weeks after ESWL, however, all parameters were recoverd to basal level. In UDCA group, all parameters were not changed significantly during medication. We can conclude that ESWL has such immediate adverse effect on gallbladder dynamics as reducing contractility and nonvisualization of gallbladder but it has no long-term effect.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.304-313
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• 2010

This study was undertaken to discover the effects and possible mechanisms of the effect of red ginseng extract (RGE) on spontaneous sleep. The effects of a low dose (10 mg/kg) and a high dose (200 mg/kg) of RGE were compared in rats. After recovery from a surgical operation enabling electroencephalograms recordings, rats were administered RGE orally. RGE was administered orally for 1 day or once per day for 5 days in either 10 or 200 mg/kg doses. Polygraphic signs were recorded for 12 h after oral administration of RGE. Both treatment with a large dose (200 mg/kg) of RGE for one day and treatment with either a large or a small dose for 5 days reduced the number of sleep.wake cycles. Daily treatment with RGE (either 10 or 200 mg/kg) for 5 days augmented NREM and total sleep, but reduced wakefulness. Delta wave activity recorded during non-REM (NREM) sleep and REM sleep was increased after one treatment with RGE (either 10 or 200 mg/kg). Delta wave activity during NREM was enhanced after daily treatment with RGE (either 10 or 200 mg/kg) for 5 days. Both alpha and beta subunits of the $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid $(GABA)_A$ receptor were significantly over-expressed in the hypothalamus of the RGE-treated groups. Moreover, the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase was also increased in the hypothalamus. These results demonstrate that RGE may regulate spontaneous sleep via $GABA_A$ergic systems.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.403-410
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• 2012

The current inquiry was conducted to assess the change in sleep architecture after long periods of administration to determine whether ginseng can be used in the therapy of sleeplessness. Following post-surgical recovery, red ginseng extract (RGE, 200 mg/kg) was orally administrated to rats for 9 d. Data were gathered on the 1st, 5th, and 9th day, and an electroencephalogram was recorded 24 h after RGE administration. Polygraphic signs of unobstructed sleep-wake activities were simultaneously recorded with sleep-wake recording electrodes from 11:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. for 6 h. Rodents were generally tamed to freely moving polygraphic recording conditions. Although the 1st and 5th day of RGE treatment showed no effect on power densities in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the 9th day of RGE administration showed augmented ${\alpha}$-wave (8.0 to 13.0 Hz) power densities in NREM and REM sleep. RGE increased total sleep and NREM sleep. The total percentage of wakefulness was only decreased on the 9th day, and the number of sleep-wake cycles was reduced after the repeated administration of RGE. Thus, the repeated administration of RGE increased NREM sleep in rats. The ${\alpha}$-wave activities in the cortical electroencephalograms were increased in sleep architecture by RGE. Moreover, the levels of both ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-subunits of the ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid $(GABA)_A$ receptor were reduced in the hypothalamus of the RGE-treated groups. The level of glutamic acid decarboxylase was over-expressed in the hypothalamus. These results demonstrate that RGE increases NREM sleep via $GABA_A$ergic systems.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.87-105
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• 2009

정규화 전단탄성계수 감소곡선(G/$G_{max}-\log\gamma$)과 감쇠비 곡선(D-$\log\gamma$)으로 표현되는 비선형 동적 변형특성은 현장 전단파속도 주상도와 함께 필댐의 동적 내진해석시 중요한 입력 물성치로 사용된다. 본 논문에서는 필댐 심벽부와 사력부 각각에 대하여 합리적이고 경제적인 비선형 동적 변형특성 산정 방법을 제시하였다. 심벽부의 경우, 기존 여러 연구 결과로부터 심벽부 구성 재료의 조건을 만족하는 정규화 전단탄성계수 감소곡선 111개, 감쇠비 곡선 98개를 확보하여 3개의 구속응력 영역(0~100kPa, 100kPa~200kPa, 200kPa 초과)에 대한 대표 곡선 및 범위를 제안하였고, 2종의 기존 댐 심벽부 시료에 대한 공진주 시험 결과와 비교하여 신뢰성을 확인하였다. 사력부의 경우, 자갈 등 입자가 큰 사석 재료에 대해 대형 시험장비를 이용하여 시험을 수행한 국외 연구 결과로 부터 정규화 전단탄성계수 감소곡선 135개, 감쇠비 곡선 65개를 획득하였다. 정규화 전단탄성계수 감소곡선은 3개의 구속응력 영역(50kPa 이하, 50kPa~100kPa, 100kPa 초과)에 대해 대표 곡선을 제안하였고, 감쇠비 곡선은 구속응력에 관계없이 하나의 대표 곡선으로 제안하였다. 또한 현재 시공중인 B댐의 사석 재료에 대한 결과와 비교하여 대표 곡선 및 범위에 대한 신뢰성을 검증하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권9호
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• pp.1307-1313
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• 2011

방사선 조사 기술을 이용한 타락죽의 멸균 시 관능적 품질을 개선하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 방사선 조사온도에 따른 타락죽의 pH, 지질산패도, 점도, 색도, 관능검사 및 향기패턴을 측정하였다. 그 결과 pH와 색도의 경우 방사선 조사에 의한 변화는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 지질산패도의 경우 조사구 가운데 냉동조사구가 가장 낮았으나, 점도에서는 냉동조사구가 가장 높게 나타났다. 관능검사 결과, 종합적 기호도에서 냉동조사구의 경우 대조구와 유의적 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 향기패턴 분석 결과, 지질산패 및 이취에 관련된 RT 3.88 sec의 peak와 타락죽 고유의 향과 관련한 RT 7.34 sec의 peak를 구분할 수 있었다. 따라서 방사선을 조사에 의한 타락죽의 관능적 품질 저하는 냉동조사를 통해 개선이 가능하였으나, 여전, 지질산패와 점도감소 및 조사취 발생 등에 의한 타락죽 고유의 관능적 품질이 감소되는 것으로 나타나, 추후 항산화제의 첨가 또는 포장방법의 변화 등과 병용처리를 통해 보다 효과적인 품질 개선을 위한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료되었다.

• 천문학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.207-212
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• 2015

We introduce the Lee Sang Gak Telescope (LSGT), a remotely operated, robotic 0.43-meter telescope. The telescope was installed at the Siding Spring Observatory, Australia, in 2014 October, to secure regular and exclusive access to the dark sky and excellent atmospheric conditions in the southern hemisphere from the Seoul National University (SNU) campus. Here, we describe the LSGT system and its performance, present example images from early observations, and discuss a future plan to upgrade the system. The use of the telescope includes (i) long-term monitoring observations of nearby galaxies, active galactic nuclei, and supernovae; (ii) rapid follow-up observations of transients such as gamma-ray bursts and gravitational wave sources; and (iii) observations for educational activities at SNU. Based on observations performed so far, we find that the telescope is capable of providing images to a depth of R = 21:5 mag (point source detection) at 5-σ with 15 min total integration time under good observing conditions.

• Journal of Information Display
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.115-119
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• 2011

Optically isotropic liquid crystal (LC) mixture such as blue-phase LC and nanostructured LC composites exhibit the advantages of fast response time, high contrast ratio and wide-viewing angle due to the induced birefringence along the horizontal electric field. Utilizing this mixture, a novel single cell gap in-plane switching-type polymer-stabilized blue-phase transflective liquid crystal display by embedding the nanowire grid polarizer as a polarization-dependent reflective polarizer in the R region is proposed. This device can be used as a normal black mode without any quarter-wave plate or patterned in-cell phase retarder. Moreover, the transmittance is identical to the reflectance so that it will be suitable for single gamma driving. Detailed electro-optic performances, such as voltage-dependent light efficiency and viewing angle of the proposed device configuration, are investigated.

• 전자공학회논문지D
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• 제34D권5호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1997

An analysis method for the electromagnetic scattering of a tE polarized plane wave from a periodic strip grating over a grounded dielectric slab is consisered from the viewpoint of reflectio ngraing problem. The strip gratings showing bragg and off-bragg balzing phenomena at the frequency of 10GHz are designed, respectively. The strip grating structure is implemented using aluminum plate (hround conductor), paraffin(dielectric material ; .xi.$_{\gamma}$=2.24) and copper (strip conductor ; 0.08mm thickness). The experimental results (reflection power) for bragg as well as off-bragg blazing phenomenon have been compared with the theoretical results and fairly good agreements between theory and experiment have been observed.ed.

• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2006

본 논문은 약한 불안정 데토네이션 영역부터 강한 불안정 데토네이션 영역까지 여러 영역에 걸친 데토네이션 파 셀 구조 모사에 대한 수치적 문제점들을 살펴보았다. 비열 비 값이 변하는 점성 유체 역학 방정식 및 1단계 Arrhenius 반응 모델 해석을 위하여 MUSCL-type TVD 기법을 이용한 공간 차분과 4차 정확도의 Runge-Kutta 시간 적분을 이용하였다. 일련의 수치해석 연구는 여러 반응 상수 및 격자 해상도에 따른 데토네이션 셀 구조를 해석하기 위하여 요구되는 계산 조건을 구하기 위하여 다양한 데토네이션 현상 영역에서 수행되었다. 다른 영역의 데토네이션 현상에서 셀 구조를 포착하기 위한 계산 영역의 크기와 최소 격자 해상도를 찾아내기 위하여 정상 1차원 ZND 해석 결과와 전산 해석 결과를 비교 검토하였다.