• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.1006-1013
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• 2015

Heat-stress remains a costly issue for animal production, especially for poultry as they lack sweat glands, and alleviating heat-stress is necessary for ensuring animal production in hot environment. A high ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-producer Lactobacillus strain was used to investigate the effect of dietary GABA-producer on laying performance and egg quality in heat-stressed Hy-line brown hens. Hy-Line brown hens (n = 1,164) at 280 days of age were randomly divided into 4 groups based on the amount of freeze-dried GABA-producer added to the basal diet as follows: i) 0 mg/kg, ii) 25 mg/kg, iii) 50 mg/kg, and iv) 100 mg/kg. All hens were subjected to heat-stress treatment through maintaining the temperature and the relative humidity at $28.83{\pm}3.85^{\circ}C$ and 37% to 53.9%, respectively. During the experiment, laying rate, egg weight and feed intake of hens were recorded daily. At the 30th and 60th day after the start of the experiment, biochemical parameters, enzyme activity and immune activity in serum were measured. Egg production, average egg weight, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and percentage of speckled egg, soft shell egg and misshaped egg were significantly improved (p<0.05) by the increasing supplementation of the dietary GABA-producer. Shape index, eggshell thickness, strength and weight were increased linearly with increasing GABA-producer supplementation. The level of calcium, phosphorus, glucose, total protein and albumin in serum of the hens fed GABA-producing strain supplemented diet was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the hens fed the basal diet, whereas cholesterol level was decreased. Compared with the basal diet, GABA-producer strain supplementation increased serum level of glutathione peroxidase (p = 0.009) and superoxide dismutase. In conclusion, GABA-producer played an important role in alleviating heat-stress, the isolated GABA-producer strain might be a potential natural and safe probiotic to use to improve laying performance and egg quality in heat-stressed hens.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1996

1995년 봄(5월 13일, 5월 26일, 6월 9일)과 1995년 가울(8월 21일, 9월 4일, 9월 18일)에 각각 채취한 개량뽕 품종의 뽕잎을 자연건조한 것, 뽕잎을 3분동안 찌는 것, 데치는 것 등 전처리를 하여 건조시킨 후 만든 뽕잎가루를 밀가루 무게의 5, 10, 20% 섞은 후 뽕국수를 제조하여 그 물리적 특성 및 유용성분의 함량변화를 조사하였다. 생엽에 대한 건조분말의 수율은 20% 정도이며, 뽕국수 이용에 적당한 분말도 100mesh를 통과하는 수율은 6% 내외이다. 관능검사 결과 봄 때 뽕가루를 밀가루 대비 10% 혼합하였을 때 가장 양호하였다. 시기별 뽕잎중 rutin의 함량은 뽕잎의 채취시기가 늦을수록 낮았다. 5월 13일 3분찜의 경우 319mg/100g DW인데 비해 5월 26일과 6월 9일의 처리에는 111mg/100g DW, 43mg/100g DW으로 각각 감소하였다. 찌거나 데쳐서 분말화하였을 경우 rutin 함량은 자연건조한 뽕잎분말에 비해 각각 63%, 17%에 불과하였다. 시기별 뽕잎중의 ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid(GABA) 함량도 채취시기가 경과할수록 감소하여 5월 13일 0.277mg/g FW에 비해 6월 9일에는 그것의 60%까지 감소하였다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.518-522
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• 2005

Yogurt containing high ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was developed using lactic acid bacteria and germinated brown rice. Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum, and L. brevis OPY-1 strains were inoculated into Lactobacillus MRS broth for use as yogurt starter. After treatment with 5% monosodium glutamate in MRS broth, L. brevis OPY-1 strain isolated from Kimchi produced GABA concentration of 8,003.28 nmol/mL. Starter was inoculated into fermentation substrate mixture containing germinated brown rice extract and blend of powdered whole milk and skim milk. Samples were incubated, and viable cell colonies were counted. Highest number of lactic acid bacteria was reached between 16 and 20 hr. Concentrated rice milk fermented with high GABA-producing strain contained GABA concentrations of $137.17\;{\mu}g/g$ D.W., whereas concentrated fermented milk prepared by conventional method contained GABA of $1.29\;{\mu}g/g$ D.W. Sensory evaluation panelists gave favorable ratings to fermented rice milk containing high GABA concentration.

• 약학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.323-333
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• 1990

To study influence of carbonmonoxide (CO) poisoning on the content of amino acid neurotransmitter in brain, male rat was exposed to CO 5000 ppm for 30 minutes (60-75% HbCO). Aspartic acid and glutamic acid level in the cerebral cortex and aspartic acid level in the striatum were significantly decreased. GABA level in the cerebral cortex was significantly increased after the 30 and 60 minutes of CO intoxication. Taurine level in both the cerebral cortex and the striatum was increased although nonsignificant. Consequently, the CO-induced hypoxia brain showed lower level of excitatory neurotransmitter, aspartic acid and glutamic acid and higher level of inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA and taurine. These results suggest that the change in content of amino acid neurotransmitter in the rat brain may be concerned with several CO poisoning symptoms.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2016

To determine the nutritional value of domestic tomatoes, the levels of amino acids, amino acid metabolites, and the bioactive compound ${\gamma}-aminobutyric-acid$ (GABA) were analyzed in three domestic tomato varieties (Rafito, Momotaro, and Medison). Eighteen free amino acids were found, and total free amino acid content was 3,810.21~4,594.56 mg/100 g (dry weight). L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) was the most abundant amino acid, ranging from 1,866.60 mg/100 g for Momotaro to 2,417.45 mg/100 g for Medison. The next most abundant amino acids were L-glutamine (L-Gln) and L-aspartic acid (L-Asp). The three tomato varieties had a good balance of all the essential amino acids except tryptophan. Total essential amino acid content was 274.26~472.71 mg/100 g (dry weight). The following amino acid metabolites were found: L-carnitine (L-Car), hydroxylysine (Hyl), o-phosphoethanolamine (o-Pea), phosphoserine (p-Ser), ${\beta}-alanine$ (${\beta}-Ala$), N-methyl-histidine (Me-His), ethanolamine (EtNH2),and L-citrulline(L-Cit). Large quantities of GABA were found in all three varieties: 666.95-868.48 mg/100g (dry weight). These results support the use of these tomato varieties as nutritious food materials.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.541-549
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• 2015

This study compares the major nutritional components of the leaf, flesh, and seed of dry loquat (Eriobotrya japonicaLindl.). Among proximate compositions, the crude fat, crude ash, and dietary fiber of the leaf exceeded those of the seed and flesh, whereas the carbohydrate content of the leaf was lower than that of the seed and flesh. The main component of free sugars in the leaf, flesh, and seed was fructose. Total amino acids of the leaf, flesh, and seed were 552.43, 63.00, and 260.29 mg%, respectively. Although the amino acid composition of the leaf, flesh, and seed varied, glutamic acid and ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid were the major amino acids in the leaf, flesh, and seed. Major fatty acids of total lipid were oleic acid and stearic acid in the leaf and seed, and the major acid was linoleic acid in the flesh. Major organic acids were oxalic acid in the leaf, maleic acid in the flesh, and citric acid in the seed. Vitamin C content was higher in the seed than in the leaf and flesh.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.235-235
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• 2017

Chromium (Cr) toxicity is hazardous to the seed germination, growth, and development of plants. ${\gamma}$-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid and is involved in stress tolerance in plants. To investigate the effects of GABA in alleviating Cr toxicity, we treated eight-d-old mustard (Brassica juncea L.) seedlings with Cr (0.15 mM and 0.3 mM $K_2CrO_4$, 5 days) alone and in combination with GABA ($125{\mu}M$) in a semi-hydroponic medium. The roots and shoots of the seedlings accumulated Cr in a dose-dependent manner, which led to an increase in oxidative damage [lipid peroxidation; hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) content; superoxide ($O{_2}^{{\cdot}-}$) generation; lipoxygenase (LOX) activity], MG content, and disrupted antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. Chromium stress also reduced growth, leaf relative water content (RWC), and chlorophyll (chl) content but increased phytochelatin (PC) and proline (Pro) content. Furthermore, supplementing the Cr-treated seedlings with GABA reduced Cr uptake and upregulated the non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbate, AsA; glutathione, GSH) and the activities of the enzymatic antioxidants including ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glyoxalase I (Gly I), and glyoxalase II (Gly II), and finally reduced oxidative damage. Adding GABA also increased leaf RWC and chl content, decreased Pro and PC content, and restored plant growth. These findings shed light on the effect of GABA in improving the physiological mechanisms of mustard seedlings in response to Cr stress.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.18-25
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• 2018

Chlorella is quantitatively and qualitatively high in protein with balanced essential amino acid profiles, vitamins and minerals. ${\gamma}-Aminobutyric$ acid (GABA) is broadly distributed in nature and fulfills multi-physiological functions including effect such as a health-promoting functional compound. To improve the GABA production, Chlorella protothecoides were grown through the modified mixtrophic culture medium containing 2L of sterilized bristol medium with 0.01% urea and 4.0% glucose in a 5L fermenter. The results showed that nineteen kinds of amino acid including GABA at C. protothecoides sample were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Glutamic acid in total concentration (%) of amino acid is the most abundant amino acid (33.10%), followed by alanine (20.48%) and GABA (17.48%). Three amino acids including GABA were responsible for more than 70% total concentration in C. protothecoides sample including eight essential and nine non-essential amino acids: aspartic acid, asparagine, serine, glutamine, histidine, glycine, threonine, arginine, tyrosine, valine, methionine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine. As a result of this experiment, it is expected that Chlorella will be developed to a critical product having high value as, GABA, functional food materials.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.204-210
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 시중에 유통 중인 한국전통 발효주인 막걸리로부터 유산균을 분리하였다. 분리된 유산균을 동정하기 위해 16S rRNA 부분을 PCR하여 RFLP법으로 패턴을 분류하여 그룹을 나누었다. 유산균 총 수를 확인한 결과 F를 제외한 모든 샘플에서 $10^6CFU/mL$ 이상으로 확인되었고, 효모균의 수는 약 $10^7-10^8CFU/mL$로 기존의 연구와 비교해 보았을 때, 대체적으로 차이가 거의 없는 것을 확인하였다. 나누어진 패턴을 토대로 염기서열 분석 결과 총 5종의 유산균을 확인 할 수 있었고, 5종의 유산균은 Lb. plantarum/pentosus, Lb. casei/paracasei/rhamnosus, Lb. crustorum, Lb. brevis, Lb. fermentum으로 확인되었다. 기존 연구에서 막걸리로부터 동정된 유산균으로는 Lb. pseudomesenteroides, Lb. paracasei, Lb. arizonensis, Lb. plantarum, Lb. harbinensis, Lb. parabuchneri, Lb. brevis, Lb. hilgardii, Lb. fermentum이 있는데, 선행 연구들과의 가장 큰 차이점으로는 Lb. crustorum이 분리되었고, 우점종으로 확인된 Lb. plantarum/pentosus와 Lb. casei/paracasei/rhamnosus와 같은 경우 다양한 subspecies가 존재함을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 Lb. plantarum, Lb. brevis, Lb. paracasei 에서 GABA가 생성됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 막걸리로부터 유산균을 분리, 동정하고, 분리한 유산균의 GABA 생성능력을 규명함으로써, 차후 유산균 분리 및 다양한 기능성 물질 탐색을 할 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.336-341
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• 2013

국내에서 주로 재배되는 무화과 품종인 도후인(Dauphine) 2종, 봉래시(Horaish) 2종, 바나네(Banane) 1종을 대상으로 이화학적 특성을 분석한 결과, 무화과의 수분은 85.37~87.28%, 회분 0.38~0.43%, 조지방 0.20~0.26%, 조단백질 0.39~0.81%로 품종별 차이는 보이지 않았으며 조섬유는 바나네가 $7.55{\pm}0.13%$로 다른 품종 5.12~7.60%에 비해 다소 높은 결과를 보였다. 무기성분 함량은 모든 품종에서 K>Ca>Mg>Na 순으로 나타났으며 전체 함량의 경우 도후인 품종이 타 품종에 비해 조금 높은 결과를 보였다. 바나네 품종과 봉래시 품종의 총 유리아미노산 조성은 glutamic acid>proline>aspartic acid 순으로 높은 분포를 보였으며, 전체 함량의 51.68~58.71%를 차지하고 있으며, 도후인 품종의 경우 glutamic acid>aspartic acid>alanine이 전체의 약 50%를 차지하고 있었다. 또한 기억력 감퇴 예방 등 학습 능력에 도움을 주는 기능성 물질인 ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid(GABA) 함량은 바나네에서 26.69 mg/100 g, 도후인이 13.57~18.38 mg/100 g, 봉래시가 16.53~16.93 mg/100 g으로 상당히 높은 함량을 보였다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 도후인이 198.91~261.64 mg/kg, 봉래시 품종이 169.90~174.33 mg/kg, 바나네 품종이 211.07 mg/kg 으로 나타났으며, 총 플라보노이드 함량은 바나네(84.95 mg/kg), 도후인(60.47~68.71 mg/kg), 봉래시(44.12~44.60 mg/kg) 순으로 바나네가 가장 높았으며 품종간의 차이를 보였다. 플라보노이드 성분 중 quercetin과 kaempferol은 각각 2.40~3.54 mg/kg, 1.09~1.16 mg/kg으로 분석되었다.