• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

To investigate the combination dyeing properties of natural dyes, the combination dyeing using gallnut,-Al, Cu, Fe-sappan wood, and gallnut-Al, Cu, Fe-gardenia was performed on bast fiber of mulberry, cotton, silk, and their K/S values, colors, and sunlight fastness were measured. The gallnut-Al, Cu, Fe-gardenia dyeing showed the highest K/S values when the dyeing concentration of gallnut is 3%. It tended to show the higher K/S values than gallnut-Al, Cu, Fe-sappan wood. The silk showed the highest values of in K/S, and then followed by cotton, and bast fiber of mulberry. The mordants developed different colors on the bast fiber and the cotton treated with gallnut-Al, Cu, Fe-sappan wood. However, the silk showed a series of YR, showing no effect of the mordants on the development of color. The combination dyeing of gallnut-Al, Cu, Fe-gardenia showed a series of Y. The results showed that sappan wood could develop various colors but gardenia could develop a series of Y. No distinct improvement on sunlight fastness of the combination dyeing was observed.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.41-46
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• 2004

We have studied on the experimental variables such as optimum adsorption condition, color changes, light fastness, antimicrobial properties, and wash durability of the cotton fabrics treated with gallnut extracts. Treatment of gallnut extracts on the cotton fabrics was optimally achieved at 6$0^{\circ}C$ for 60min. Gallnut extracts did not cause unintended color change after treatment on the cotton fabrics dyed with reactive dyes. The cotton fabrics treated with gallnut extracts showed good light fastness, though we took into the account the extract is a natural material. The cotton fabrics treated with 10.0% o.w.f. of gallnut extracts had strong antimicrobial activity and good wash durability.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.27-32
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• 2003

As a natural antimicrobial agent, gallnut extract was examined. The extract was separated and analyzed by LC/MS to assign the components, gallic acid, digallic acid, trigallic acid, mono-galloyl glucose, penta-galloyl glucose, etc. Minimum inhibitory concentration of gallnut extract was about 10ppm. Cotton fabrics treated with 10% owf of gallnut extracts had antimicrobial activity showing the reduction of bacteria 99.9% for both Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.296-305
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• 2017

Gallnuts are known to exert various pharmaceutical properties that include anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and detoxifying effects. Gallnut extract is thought to be a particularly safe antimicrobial agent for textile application due to its natural origins. Hence, textiles were dyed with gallnut to develop multi-functional clothing material with no harmful effects. In this study, three kinds of cool touch woven fabrics, each comprised of 100% viscose rayon filament, viscose rayon filament/high absorption & quick dry (polyester) filament, and viscose rayon $filament/tencel^{(R)}$ spun yarn, were prepared and used as substrates for gallnut dyeing to especially develop functional cool touch textiles for summer clothing material. On the other hand, gallnut dyeing was conducted with mordanting with iron, lime or alum, which induced different colors on the dyed textiles. Dyed textiles were then investigated by SEM, FTIR, antibacterial test, and antioxidant test. Subsequently, gallnut dyed textiles indicated excellent antibacterial ability and deodorization activity regardless of mordant species. However, only gallnut dyed textiles mordanted with iron and alum showed significant antioxidant ability. In addition, the dyeing processes impair the cool touch feeling of the textiles by changing the micro structure of the textile surface.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.393-400
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• 2010

This study examines the mordanting effect and multi functional properties of silk fabrics dyed with onion shell extracts that were mordanted with gallnut. The contents of this study are as follows. First, the optimum dyeing conditions were investigated by measuring the K/S value that depended the on dyeing conditions when silk fabrics were dyed with onion shell extracts. Second, the color, brightness, and chroma differences that appear after mordanting with gallnut were investigated by measuring the K/S and Munsell value. Third, the color fastness and antimicrobial activity were measured. When silk fabrics were dyed with onion shell extracts, the optimum dyeing conditions were a dyeing temperature of $70^{\circ}C$, a dyeing concentration of 160%, and a dyeing of time 30min. After mordanting with gallnut extracts, the K/S value increased remarkably and was larger in pre-mordanting than post-mordanting. The H value displayed yellow-red in all cases of pre and post mordanting. However, the H value was more reddish in the order of non-mordanting

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.648-655
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• 2017

This study measured dyeing properties under different dyeing conditions and levels of antimicrobial activity when man-made fibers are dyed with gallnut, including rayon, tencel, tencel blended fabric, soybean fiber, and nylon non-mordanted. The dye up-take (K/S), color ($L^*a^*b^*$), and color differences (${\Delta}E$) were measured with a colorimeter, and the number of bacteria present in the dyed fabrics were determined using Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia as strains. The results are as follows: First, the optimal dyeing conditions for man-made fibers dyed with gallnut are 60 minutes of dyeing time and a $80^{\circ}C$ dyeing temperature. Second, gallnut dye is most effective on soybean fiber and then, in descending order of effectiveness, on nylon, rayon, tencel, and tencel blended fabric. This means that dyeing properties of nitrogen containing fibers are excellent when using gallnut. Third, all man-made fibers are dyed brown with gallnut. This implies dyeing possibility of man-made fibers about gallnut dye, so development and supply of natural dyed goods of man-made fibers can be increased. Fourth, in all man-made fibers dyed with gallnut extract, both Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia show 99.9% reduction ratios of fungistasis, which indicate antimicrobial activity. Therefore, safe, functional, man-made materials can be developed to relieve symptoms from and treat patients with skin ailments.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.377-384
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• 2008

For the purpose of standardization and practicability of natural dyeing, the mordanting and dyeing properties of gallnut was studied. In this study, the colorants of gallnut were extracted with boiling water. Chitosan crosslinked cotton fabrics were been dyed with aqueous extract of gallnut and their dyeabilities on the fabrics were studied. Additionally, the fastness to washing and light were also investigated. Cotton fabrics were treated with a crosslinking agent epichlorohydrin in the presence of chitosan to provide the cotton fabrics the dyeing properties of natural dye(gallnut) by the chemical linking of chitosan to the cellulose structure. The chitosan finishing and durable press finishing of the cotton fabrics carried out simultaneously in the mercerization bath. The dyeability(K/S), which was obtained by CCM observation, remarkably increased as the concentration of chitosan was high. Dye ability of gallnut showed higher toward chitosan treated cotton than controlled cotton fabric under condition at $60^{\circ}C$, for 20 min. The hue value indicated reddish yellow with increasing the crosslinked chitosan concentration. And the color fastness to washing and light was the almost the same.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.256-265
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to check color change, color fastness, increase wt., antibiosis, and UV-protection efficiency depending on gallnut concentrations and mordanting methods, when silk fabrics dye with gromwell according to pH. This results will contribute in developing of natural mordant with multi function. The results are as follows. ${\lambda}_{max}$ of Gallnut extracts was near 299 nm. When gallnut was used as a mordant, at all pH levels, pre-mordanted fabrics had red color and post-mordanted ones had red-purple color which was closed to natural color of gromwell. Brightness of post-mordanted fabrics was higher than that of pre-mordanted fabrics. In the case of chroma, pre-mordanted fabrics was higher than post-mordanted fabrics. There was no significant difference of color, brightness, and chroma depending on gallnut concentration. As mordanting concentration increased, fabric weight gradually went up and increase weight reached maximum $17{\sim}19%$. At all pH levels, color fastness improved by pre-mordanting and post-mordanting, and it showed the maximum $4{\sim}5$ grade of wet fastness and 5 grade of dry cleaning. Antibiosis of silk fabric was improved by gromwell dyeing and synthetic tannin mordanting. Antibiosis of gallnut extracts was excellent. The color fastness and antibiosis were preserved after 10 cycle dry cleaning. UV-protection efficiency was excellent by dyeing with gromwell and mordanting with gallnut.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.217-223
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• 2001

The antimicrobial and glucosyltransferase(GTase) inhibition activity were searched for 30 species of various folk drugs and by products of food industry. Among them, two species, gallnut and red grape husk water extracts, were selected for the powerful antimicrobial and GTase inhibition activity. The polyphenol fractions of gallnut and red grape husk were showed very greater antimicrobial activity on both Gram(+) and (-), B. subtilis and E. coli. The minimum antimicrobial activity of gallnut polyphenol fraction were 1.0mg for B. subtilis and 3,0mg for E. coli. Red grape husk was 2.0mg for B. subtilis and 3.0mg for E coli. The polyphenol fractions of gall nut and red grape husk were showed powerful GTase inhibition activity. The concentrations of these fractions for 80% inhibition of GTase activity were 1.08$\times$10$\^$-3/mg/㎖ and 1.08$\times$10$\^$-2/mg/㎖, respectively. The most abundant compound in these fraction seems to be polyphenol derivatives. From these results, we think that the gallnut and the red grape husk polyphenol fraction had more antimicrobial and anti-plaque activities than artificial synthetic preservatives as an economic point of view.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.457-466
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to develop environmentally friendly black dye by comparing Ketapang and Gallnut, that have been traditionally used as a black dye. As a result of FT-IR and UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis, Ketapang was characterized by condensed tannin, while Gallnut showed hydrolyzable tannin. Due to the dyeability characteristic analysis, the color fastness of the non-mordant dye was slightly lowered to grades 1-3. In the dry-cleaning fastness test, both non-mordant and iron mordant were excellent, in grade 4-5, and the daylight fastness was excellent grade 3-5 too. The $L^*$ values of Ketapang were 26.93 (pre-mordant) and 29.39 (post-mordant), which were higher than those of Gallnut, 41.90 (pre-mordant) and 43.02 (post-mordant), indicating that Ketapang was more easily colored as a black dye than Gallnut.