• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.207-228
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• 2007

Measuring Information Technology(IT) organizations' activities have been limited to mainly measure financial indicators for a long time. However, according to the multifarious functions of Information System, a number of researches have been done for the new trends on measurement methodologies that come with financial measurement as well as new measurement methods. Especially, the researches on IT Balanced Scorecard(BSC), concept from BSC measuring IT activities have been done as well in recent years. BSC provides more advantages than only integration of non-financial measures in a performance measurement system. The core of BSC rests on the cause-and-effect relationships between measures to allow prediction of value chain performance measures to allow prediction of value chain performance measures, communication, and realization of the corporate strategy and incentive controlled actions. More recently, BSC proponents have focused on the need to tie measures together into a causal chain of performance, and to test the validity of these hypothesized effects to guide the development of strategy. Kaplan and Norton[2001] argue that one of the primary benefits of the balanced scorecard is its use in gauging the success of strategy. Norreklit[2000] insist that the cause-and-effect chain is central to the balanced scorecard. The cause-and-effect chain is also central to the IT BSC. However, prior researches on relationship between information system and enterprise strategies as well as connection between various IT performance measurement indicators are not so much studied. Ittner et al.[2003] report that 77% of all surveyed companies with an implemented BSC place no or only little interest on soundly modeled cause-and-effect relationships despite of the importance of cause-and-effect chains as an integral part of BSC. This shortcoming can be explained with one theoretical and one practical reason[Blumenberg and Hinz, 2006]. From a theoretical point of view, causalities within the BSC method and their application are only vaguely described by Kaplan and Norton. From a practical consideration, modeling corporate causalities is a complex task due to tedious data acquisition and following reliability maintenance. However, cause-and effect relationships are an essential part of BSCs because they differentiate performance measurement systems like BSCs from simple key performance indicator(KPI) lists. KPI lists present an ad-hoc collection of measures to managers but do not allow for a comprehensive view on corporate performance. Instead, performance measurement system like BSCs tries to model the relationships of the underlying value chain in cause-and-effect relationships. Therefore, to overcome the deficiencies of causal modeling in IT BSC, sound and robust causal modeling approaches are required in theory as well as in practice for offering a solution. The propose of this study is to suggest critical success factors(CSFs) and KPIs for measuring performance for IT organizations and empirically validate the casual relationships between those CSFs. For this purpose, we define four perspectives of BSC for IT organizations according to Van Grembergen's study[2000] as follows. The Future Orientation perspective represents the human and technology resources needed by IT to deliver its services. The Operational Excellence perspective represents the IT processes employed to develop and deliver the applications. The User Orientation perspective represents the user evaluation of IT. The Business Contribution perspective captures the business value of the IT investments. Each of these perspectives has to be translated into corresponding metrics and measures that assess the current situations. This study suggests 12 CSFs for IT BSC based on the previous IT BSC's studies and COBIT 4.1. These CSFs consist of 51 KPIs. We defines the cause-and-effect relationships among BSC CSFs for IT Organizations as follows. The Future Orientation perspective will have positive effects on the Operational Excellence perspective. Then the Operational Excellence perspective will have positive effects on the User Orientation perspective. Finally, the User Orientation perspective will have positive effects on the Business Contribution perspective. This research tests the validity of these hypothesized casual effects and the sub-hypothesized causal relationships. For the purpose, we used the Partial Least Squares approach to Structural Equation Modeling(or PLS Path Modeling) for analyzing multiple IT BSC CSFs. The PLS path modeling has special abilities that make it more appropriate than other techniques, such as multiple regression and LISREL, when analyzing small sample sizes. Recently the use of PLS path modeling has been gaining interests and use among IS researchers in recent years because of its ability to model latent constructs under conditions of nonormality and with small to medium sample sizes(Chin et al., 2003). The empirical results of our study using PLS path modeling show that the casual effects in IT BSC significantly exist partially in our hypotheses.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.71-97
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• 2005

Previous studies on brand performance have extensively investigated the topics of how marketing activities influence brand awareness and image only from a perspective of consumers and of how much brand awareness or image is related to brand performances. This study, unlike previous ones, proposes a theoretical framework and analyzes empirical data from a perspective of firms. We extend previous work by considering the mediating effects of brand management system and marketing mix activities on the relation between market orientation and brand performance, Furthermore, this study examines the relationships between market orientation and brand performance using a data set of marketing or brand managers in 1000 firms. The results show that firms possessing higher levels of brand management system, marketing mix, market orientation exhibit superior brand performance. Besides, brand management system and marketing mix play a mediating role between market orientation and brand performance. This study also offers some practical implications and future research questions based on the current findings.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.572-583
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• 2012

In this study, we investigated visual fatigue in i3D system and basic factors that contribute to visual fatigue in the system. i3D is a type of glasses-free display which supports elementary manual interaction of users with the display. In Experiment 1, we performed open-ended survey of visual fatigue and collected responses from observers which then were used as survey questions for visual fatigue. The questions were validated by factor analysis from which we derived fatigue measurement scale. In Experiment 2, we measured visual fatigue in various conditions using survey questions obtained from Experiment 1. Using manual interaction (present/absent), viewing distance(1/2/4m), and viewing orientation($0/28/56^{\circ}$) as three factors in within-subject design, we measured visual fatigue in each condition. The results indicated that visual fatigue deceases with farther viewing distance, but viewing orientation and manual interaction does not influence visual fatigue. Although fatigue unexpectedly decreased in an extreme viewing condition (e.g., distance 1m, orientation $56^{\circ}$), the results were obtained because of technical limitation of glasses-free 3D display. General discussion provides discussion on limits of the current study and suggestions for future research.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.156-172
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to understand the influence of food & beverage employees' stress coping styles in the deluxe hotel industry on job satisfaction and customer orientation. Based on total 250 food & beverage employees obtained from empirical research, this study reviewed the reliability and fitness of the research model and verified a total of 2 hypotheses using the AMOS program. The hypothesized relationships in the model test simultaneously by using a structural equation model(SEM). The proposed model provided an adequate fit the data, ${\chi}^2$=252.876(p<0.001), df=143, CMIN/DF=1.768, GFI=0.914, AGFI=0.873, NFI=0.936, CFI=0.971, RMSEA=0.056. The model's fit, as indicated by these indexes, was deemed satisfactory, thus providing a good basis for testing the hypothesized paths. The SEM showed that the emotion oriented(${\beta}$=-.181, p<0.01) and avoidance oriented(${\beta}$=-.129, p<0.05) had a negative significant influence on job satisfaction. The multi-group analysis effects on division and status did. Also, job satisfaction(${\beta}$=.599, p<0.01) had a positive significant influence on customer orientation. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.253-273
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the uncertainty of competitive environments on the commitment of manufacturing firms with distribution firms, their trust and long-term orientation in Korea, the United States and Japan. This study is of great significance in that it attempted to make a comparative analysis of the uncertainty of competitive environments among the three nations by selecting subjects not only from Korea but from the United States and Japan. A survey was conducted on the selected manufacturing firms, and the data from 105 Korean firms, 103 American companies and 83 Japanese firms were gathered. A structural equation was utilized to analyze the collected data. The findings of the study were as follows: Hypothesis 1 was rejected in Korea and Japan and was accepted in the United States. Hypothesis 2 was accepted in Korea yet not in the United States and Japan. Hypothesis 3 was accepted in all the nations. Hypothesis 4 was rejected in Korea and the United States and was accepted in Japan. Hypothesis 5 was accepted in all the nations, and Hypothesis 6 was accepted in every nation as well. In the future, the commitment, trust and long-term orientation of manufacturing and distribution firms should be investigated from a mutual perspective, and additional data should be obtained by selecting more subjects. As for environmental uncertainty, the uncertainty of distribution environments as well as competitive environments should equally be investigated by making a comparative analysis.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.495-504
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of corporate social responsibility on organizational identification and customer orientation by flight attendants. In this study, 2 hypotheses based on literature reviews were employed. Questionnaire was also developed based on previous studies. A convenience sample of 217 flight attendants was surveyed and 203 usable questionnaires were analyzed. Corporate social responsibility was divided into economic responsibility, legal responsibility, ethical responsibility, philanthropic responsibility by the literature review. Confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to validate the measured variables. Then the data and hypotheses were examined using structural equation modeling (SEM) by AMOS. The results are as follows. Firstly, 'economic responsibility' and 'philanthropic responsibility' have positive effect on organizational identification while 'legal responsibility' and 'ethical responsibility' have no effect on 'organizational identification'. As for the degree of influence, 'philanthropic responsibility' has a greater impact than 'economic responsibility'. Airlines should focus on the responsibility to the community as well as social contribution. Secondly, 'organizational identification' has positive effect on customer orientation. The contribution and limitations of this research were discussed and the future possible researches were mentioned.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.3087-3098
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• 2015

This study aims to examine the college students experience and intention to purchase organic clothes according to their lifestyle as the most promising consumer class in future. First, it was found that their experience to purchase organic clothes according to the subjects demographic characteristics showed significant differences in the categories of gender, age, related major, pocket money and income from except their residential areas. Second, factor structure analysis of their lifestyles was conducted and the factors analyzed were divided into "well-being orientation", "pursuit of changes", "eco-friendly view", "trend innovation", and "conservative security". Third, the present study examined differences in sub-dimensions of lifestyle characteristics such as "well-being orientation", "pursuit of changes", "eco-friendly view", "trend innovation", and "conservative security" depending on their experience or non-experience to purchase organic clothes and found that "well-being orientation", "pursuit of changes", "eco-friendly view", and "trend innovation" were higher in the group with experience to purchase organic clothes than in that with non-experience and it was known that all sub-factor groups including "well-being orientation", "pursuit of changes", "eco-friendly view", "trend innovation", and "conservative security" had a significant influence on intnetion to purchase organic clothes.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.315-324
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• 2019

In this research, one of five Hofstede's cultural dimension, Long term orientation (LTO) was selected to examine its influence on individual's change oriented organizational citizenship behavior with emotional regulation mediating. East Asian countries and Korea especially received higher score on LTO cultural dimension, meaning it valued harmony, long term relations and saving for future. Also, in today's hyper competitive and evolving global climate, the ability to adapt quickly and also to be able to control one's emotion is highly valued individual competency. Previous research on Hofstede's cultural dimensions were conducted at mostly national or large group levels. However, in this study, Yoo's CVSCALE which allowed for individual level analysis on Hofstede's cultural dimensions were used to analyze multinational company's employees's long term orientations' influence on emotional regulation and change oriented organizational citizenship behavior. The survey conducted from 200 employees from major electronic company based in S city in Korea for two weeks period and the results indicated long term orientation positively influenced change oriented organizational citizenship behavior. Also emotional regulation mediated between long term orientation felt by individuals and change oriented organizational citizenship behavior. Such results validated previous studies that indicated emotional regulation as possible antecedents of individual proactive behaviors such as change organizational citizenship behavior and long term oriented view as another potential antecedent of change oriented organizational citizenship behavior in multinational corporation setting.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.52-63
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• 2019

Biased performance implications are common in conducting empirical analysis on leading firms in strategic management field. Venture businesses in which successful and failing firms in the future are mixed in the present could provide a better discriminative result for examining the determinants of performance. We suggest hypotheses on how competitive strategy, CEO characteristics, and their interactions affect firm performance. We examine these hypotheses through empirical analyses on the basis of a survey collected from 387 venture businesses in order to assure the validity of strategic management theories by using more deviated data. Empirical results show that innovative differentiation from competitive strategies affects firm performance and innovativeness and long-term orientation from CEO characteristics affect firm performance. According to the results of the interaction analyses between competitive strategies and CEO characteristics, cost-leadership and marketing differentiation strategies have combination effects with risk taking, innovativeness, and long-term orientation, while innovative differentiation strategy has no combination effects with risk taking, innovativeness, and long-term orientation. We conclude that cost-leadership and marketing differentiation strategies have no direct effect on firm performance but have combination effects with CEO characteristics, while innovative differentiation strategy has direct effect on firm performance but has no combination effect. Our primary contribution is that we test and confirm that the fit between competitive strategies and CEO characteristics are an important consideration to increase firm performance in venture businesses.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.121-143
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• 2021

As the social economy emerges as one of the alternatives for solving social problems, interest and experiments on social franchise, a methodology for scaling the social economy, continue to increase. The success or failure of social franchise has a huge impact on franchisors, members of franchisees, as well as beneficiaries, local residents, and stakeholders in the region, but research on ways to increase their chances of success is still insufficient. Based on previous studies, this study tried to derive success factors by analyzing the effects of social franchise characteristics on business performance, and to understand the mediating effect of franchise autonomy, which is the differentiation point of social franchises, between characteristic factors and business performance. Social value orientation, social economy experience, local network utilization, and customer orientation were derived as characteristic factors affecting business performance, and franchise autonomy was set as a mediating variable, and a survey was conducted for franchisee members and their influence was analyzed. Through this study, it was found that social economy experience and local network utilization had a positive (+) effect on economic performance, and social value orientation, local network utilization, and customer orientation had a positive (+) effect on social performance. Also, the results of franchise autonomy playing a mediating role between social economy experience, local network utilization and economic performance, and a mediating role between local network utilization and social performance were presented. This study has significance as the first study to conduct a full-scale empirical study on social franchises. It is hoped that theoretical research on social franchises will be more active in the future and will be used as a useful reference for performance creation for organizations that seek or already operate social franchises.