• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2010

The studies have been conducted to control the soil borne fungal pathogens viz, Fusarium solani (Mart) Sacc. and Alternaria tenuissima the incitants of root rot and die-back diseases on mulberry stem cuttings planted in the mulberry nurseries and also in established mulberry gardens ten plant extracts with 10% concentration except Lantana camara (undiluted) were tested through poisoned food technique and four biofungicides were also screened by dual culture method under in vitro conditions. Plant extract of Prosopis juliflora showed the maximum inhibition on the mycelial growth (81.2% over A. tenuissima and 80.0% over F. solani) and followed by L. camara (66.7% over A. tenuissima and 68.9% over F. solani). Among the antagonists Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride showed maximum inhibition on the mycelial growth of both pathogenic fungi. The promising plant extracts (P. juliflora and L. camara) and antagonists (P. fluorescens and T. viride) were tested against both the pathogenic fungi under in vivo conditions along with the existing popular chemical Mancozeb. All the tested plant products and bio-fungicides showed inhibitory effect on both fungi. But the maximum survival percentage of mulberry cuttings was recorded in the treatment with T. viride (95% against F. solani and 90% against A. tenuisssima) followed by P. fluorescens (90% against both fungi) and T. harzianum (80% against F. solani and 85% against A. tenuisssima). Incase of the treatments with plant extracts and chemical fungicide the P. juliflora (60% against F. solani and 55% against A. tenuisssima) showed higher survival percentage and followed by L. camara (55% against F. solani and 50% against A. tenuisssima) and Mancozeb (55% against both fungi). In case of control only 10% of survival was recorded in F. solani inoculated cuttings and 15% survival in A. tenuissima inoculated cuttings.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.10-19
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• 2012

This study investigated the distribution of endophytic fungi obtained from the surface sterilized tissues of leaves, stems and roots of chili pepper ($Capsicum$ $annuum$ L.) plants in seedling, flowering and fruiting stages in Korea and their antifungal activity. A total of 481 isolates were recovered and were identified using molecular techniques. Based on rDNA ITS gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, 21 fungal genera were characterized, belonging to 16 Ascomycota and 5 Basidiomycota. $Penicillium$ in seedling stage, $Fusarium$ in flowering stage, $Colletotrichum$ followed by $Fusarium$, $Alternaria$ and $Xylaria$ in fruiting stage was predominant and $Alternaria$, $Cladosporium$ and $Fusarium$ were common in all growth stages. Among 481 endophytes 90 phenotypes were evaluated for the antimicrobial activity against three major pathogens ($Phytophthora$ $capsici$, $Colletotrichum$ $acutatum$ and $Fusarium$ $oxysporum$) of chili pepper. Among them 16 isolates inhibited the growth of at least one test microorganisms. Three strains showed a broad spectrum antifungal activity and displayed strong inhibition against chili pepper pathogenic fungi.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.33-45
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• 2022

To screen antagonistic fungi against plant pathogens, dual culture assay (DCA) and culture filtrate assay (CFA) were performed with unknown soil-born fungi. Among the different fungi isolated and screened from the soil, fungal isolate ANU-301 successfully inhibited growth of different plant pathogenic fungi, Colletotrichum acutatum, Alternaria alternata, and Fusarium oxysporum, in DCA and CFA. Morphological characteristics and rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis identified ANU-301 as Aspergillus terreus. Inoculation of tomato plants with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) induced severe wilting symptom; however, co-inoculation with ANU-301 significantly enhanced resistance of tomato plants against FOL. In addition, culture filtrate (CF) of ANU-301 not only showed bacterial growth inhibition activity against Dickeya chrysanthemi (Dc), but also demonstrated protective effect in potato tuber against soft rot disease. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of CF of ANU-301 identified 2,4-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-phenol (MPP) as the most abundant compound. MPP inhibited growth of Dc, but not of FOL, in a dose-dependent manner, and protected potato tuber from the soft rot disease induced by Dc. In conclusion, Aspergillus terreus ANU-301 could be used and further tested as a potential biological control agent.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to test the control effect of methanol extracts of 10 medicinal plants on apple storage diseases caused by Botryosphaeria berengeriana, Glomerella cingulata and Penicillium expansum. Out of the 10 medicinal plants, methanol extracts of Coptis japonica and Anemarrhena asphodeloides inhibited effectively the mycelial growth of B. berengeriana, G. cingulata and P. expansum in vitro, for which the inhibition ratios of the two plant extracts were 100.0% and 89.3%, 73.7% and 94.1%, and 100.0% and 51.6%, respectively. Spore germination of the three fungi was inhibited 100% only by C. japonica extract, but only P. expansum was inhibited 100% by A. asphodeloides extract. No lesion was formed y the fungi at 5$^{\circ}C$ up to 2 weeks after inoculation. Lesion sizes produced by the three fungi at the temperature ranges of 1$0^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$ and infection of B. berengeriana and G. cingulata were inhibited by C. japonica extract, but not by A. asphodeloides extract, while no lesion was formed by the fungi at 5$^{\circ}C$. Infections of the fungi on apples were somewhat stimulated by A. asphodeloides extract.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 1993

A series of 12 pyrimidine derivatives were prepared and tested in vitro against growth, sporulation and nucleic acids of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Helminthosporium oryzae. Intorduction of thiazole ring together with two aryl groups to 2-aminopyrimidine induced drastic toxicity for both fungi. Pyrimidine derivatives with aryl groups were less toxic. Nitro groups were found to enhance the toxicity of the pyrimidine derivatives especially when substituted in ortho-position of the aryl groups. Inhibition of nudeic acids synthesis of both fungi was attributed mainly to the presence of thiazole ring.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.341-348
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• 2010

Antifungal and antibacterial activities of wood vinegars were investigated in this study in order to apply for the natural fungicides and food preservatives. The antifungal activities of wood vinegars were measured as a hyphal growth inhibition rate using four plant pathogenic, four wood rot and one mushroom pathogenic fungi. Inhibition effect on the fungi growth was explicitly observed at the concentrations higher than 0.5% of unrefined wood vinegar and higher than 1.0% of refined wood vinegar, respectively, suggesting that unrefined wood vinegars showed the higher antifungal activities than that of refined wood vinegars. The highest inhibition effect on the fungi growth was shown in Libertella betulina which is a mushroom pathogenic fungus. In addition, the wood vinegars from Pinus densiflora showed the higher antifungal activities against the plant pathogenic and wood rot fungi than that from Quercus spp.. On the other hand, the antibacterial activities of wood vinegars were determined by a paper disc method using the three gram positive and five gram negative bacteria. The unrefined wood vinegars showed a prominent effect on the suppression of bacteria growth at the concentration of 10%, while the suppression of bacteria growth was not observed in the refined wood vinegars. These results also suggest that the unrefined wood vinegars showed the higher antibacterial activities than the refined wood vinegars. The antibacterial activities of wood vinegars against gram positive bacteria were higher than those of wood vinegars against gram negative bacteria. From these results, it can be inferred that the wood vinegars has the strong antimicrobial activities and can be applied as the natural fungicides and food preservatives.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1998

In order to investigate antimicrobial substances from natural spices, the effects of garlic juice and ginger juice on the growth of microorganisms were investigated. It was showned that garlic juice inhibited the growth of bacteria, yeasts and fungi but ginger juice did not inhibit the growth of bacteria and yeasts. As result of concentration effect of garlic juice on the growth of microorganisms, the higher concentration of garlic juice was employed, the more growth inhibition was obtained. Comparing the specific growth rate at various concentration of garlic juice, the inhibition effect on yeast appeared much higher than that on bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.565-571
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the tolerance of some resistant fungal strains from soils contaminated with heavy metals. Various fungal strains were isolated from soil samples collected from studied sites which heavy metals and other pollutants have been emitted in effluents for several years. Fungi isolated belong to different genera; however, Penicillium spp. showed the most frequent species. The microbial number was remarkably higher in the control soil than contaminated soil samples collected from mining areas. $Pb^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ had the highest concentration in the polluted soils ranging from 89 - 3,521 ppm and 98 - 4,383 ppm, respectively. The minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) of $Pb^{+2}$ and $Zn^{+2}$ showed the highest values against the fungal strains. $Ni^{+2}$ and $Co^{+2}$ were the lowest contaminants in the polluted soils with the concentration of 5 to 12.1 ppm and 1.8 to 4.8 ppm, respectively. The tested resistant strains showed the strongest inhibition for $Ni^{+2}$ and $Co^{+2}$ up to 200-400 ppm. Cadmium was the most highly toxic heavy metal for most of strains, however, 1 mM of $Cr^{3+}$, $Cu^{2+}$ and $Pb^{2+}$ accelerated the growth of Penicillium verrucosum KNU3. $Cu^{+2}$ and $Zn^{+2}$ at concentration of 1 mM did not affect the growth rate P. funiculosum KNU4. Tolerance of fungal species to heavy metals appears to be strain and origin dependent.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.719-723
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• 2006

Chlororinated bibenzyl compounds (1 and 2) inhibited the growth of the Gram positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19659, (2 mm inhibition zone and 2 mm inhibition zone at $30{\;}{\mu}g/disc$), Candida albicans ATCC 14053, (2 mm inhibition zone and 2 mm inhibition zone at $30{\;}{\mu}g/disc$), and the dermatophytic fungi Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 28185, (3 mm inhibition zone and 7 mm inhibition zone at 30 Ug/disc) and Cladosporium resl'nae ATCC 52833 (1 mm inhibition zone at $30{\;}{\mu}g/disc$).

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.122-127
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• 2000

An antifungal bacterium was isolated to inhibit of the growth of Asp. flavus and Asp. parasiticus, and its antifungal compounds were purified from lyophilized culture broth using chromatographic methods. Antifungal bacterium #19 which was shown a higher inhibitory activity on the growth of aflatoxin producing fungi was identified as Bacillus subtilis. The purified antifungal compound(1 mg) was demonstrated strong antifungal activity against the aflatoxin producing fungi.