• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.33 no.12
• /
• pp.1975-1984
• /
• 2020

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the effects of body weight (BW) and fiber sources on nutrient digestibility, fiber fermentation and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration in different intestinal segments of growing pigs fed high-fiber diets. Methods: Nine barrows with initial BW of 25.17±0.73 kg and 9 barrows with initial BW of 63.47±2.18 kg were allotted to a duplicate 9×2 Youden Square design with 3 dietary treatments and 2 periods. The dietary treatments were formulated with 3 different high-fiber ingredients: corn bran, sugar beet pulp, and soybean hulls, respectively. Each diet was fed to 3 barrows with different stage of BW in each period. Results: There were no differences in the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of most nutrients between pigs at different BW stages. Pigs at 60 kg had greater (p<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of total dietary fiber (TDF), soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), and had greater (p<0.05) hindgut disappearance of IDF and cellulose than pigs at 25 kg. The acetate, propionate and total SCFA concentrations in ileal digesta and feces of pigs at 60 kg were greater (p<0.05) than those of pigs at 25 kg. In addition, fiber sources affected (p<0.05) the AID of gross energy (GE), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), crude protein, SDF and hemicellulose, the hindgut disappearance and ATTD of dietary fiber components, the lactate and propionate concentrations in ileal digesta and the butyrate, valerate and total SCFA concentrations in feces. There were interactions (p<0.05) between BW and fiber sources on the AID of GE, OM, EE, SDF, hemicellulose, the ATTD of EE, TDF, and IDF, and the hindgut disappearance of SDF and hemicellulose. Conclusion: Increasing BW mainly improved the digestibility of dietary fiber fractions, and the dietary fiber sources influenced the digestibility of almost all the dietary nutrients in growing pigs.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.26 no.4 s.87
• /
• pp.574-582
• /
• 1998

Five basidiocarps of Pholiota species have been collected from the areas of BubJu Temple for last two years, and identified to those of P. adiposa or Pholiota species. The taxonomy of these basidiocarps with the morphological aspects was compared with the analysis obtained from the polymorphisms of PCR-RAPD bands made after reacted with the random primers. The polymorphic variations were observed within the species of the basidiocarps, but not between genomic DNA's of the mycelia obtained and the basidiocarps. Several different bands made from the primers (28 and 36) in PCR-RAPD reactions were identified within the genus of Pholiota and speculated to be specific for the individual basidiocarp of P. adiposa collected. The primers employed here were considered to be very useful for distinguishing the individual isolates or basidiocarps collected from the fields. Also, the basidiospores were obtained from the sporeprints of the above basidiocarps as a simple agar and confirmed with observations of clamp connection under microscopes. The matings of them indicated the 'tetrapolar' type, being different from the 'bipolar' type reported by Japanese basidiocarps of P. adiposa or P. nameko. Based on our work, the edible fungi collected were speculated to be a new breeding resource for those of Pholiota commercialized in Japan.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.91-98
• /
• 2011

Oudemansiella mucida, an edible and medicinal mushrooms belonging to Tricholomataceae of Basidiomycota, has been known to produce antifungal substances to inhibit the mycelial growth and spore germination of the plant pathogenic fungi. To produce good amount of antifungal substances from culture media, the optimal culture conditions of O. mucida were investigated. The most favorable conditions for the mycelial growth were $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 5 in potato dextrose agar. The most favorable carbon and nitrogen sources promoting mycelial growth were maltose and calcium nitrate, respectively. The optimum C/N ratio was about 20 : 1 in case that 3% glucose was supplemented to the basal medium as a carbon source. The optimal mycelial growth of O. mucida was found in the Hennerberg medium. The crude extract from submerged culture of potato dextrose broth exhibited inhibition of mycelial growth of Colletotrichum acutatum, Botrytis cinerea and Pyricularia oryzae but, fungicidal activity is not good enough to compared with commercially available fungicides tested. Therefore, the antifungal substances extracted from submerged culture of O. mucida might have a potential to be used for biocontrol agent of fungal diseases of plants.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.651-661
• /
• 2021

Eruca sativa, called arugula, is a perennial plant in the Brassicaceae family, an edible plant commonly used in Italian cuisine. To study as a cosmetic material application E. sativa was extracted with 70% ethanol (ES). Then ES was fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butyl alcohol and water (EHex, EEA, ECHCl₃, EBuOH and EDW). EEA showed mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity. ES, EEA and EBuOH showed inhibition of tyrosinase activity. As a result, ES is expected to have skin whitening efficacy. ES was applied to 0.05, 0.1% the toner and emulsion formulation to test the stability. The anti-microbial activity of eight bacteria and fungi including Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes which cause dermatitis and acne was evaluated. EEA showed effects in all of microorganisms. The toner and emulsion containing ES with 0.05, 0.1% were passed in the challenge test. At -20, 4, 25, 55 ℃ and daylight, there was no significant change on pH, viscosity for 4 months. However, emulsions had phase separation phenomenon at 55 ℃, so the base formulation needs improvement. In addition, through the skin penetration test, EEA penetrated 0.058% in 6 hr, predicting the clinical efficacy. This means that E. sativa can contribute whitening agent and the synergistic effect of preservatives.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.417-422
• /
• 2010

Cultural characteristics Lecanicillium lecani Btab01 and its insecticidal activity against tobacco whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) were investigated. On potato dextrose agar, tryptic soy agar and SDA+Y media, mycelial growth of L. lecani Btab01 was best at $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ and suppressed above $28^{\circ}C$. Both solid culture and liquid culture of L. lecani Btab01 showed high insecticidal activity, 93.9 and 98.3% respectively, against nymph of tobacco whitefly, but there is no significant difference. When culture of L. lecani Btab01 was treated at the concentration of $10^5$, $10^6$, $10^7$ and $10^8$ cfu/ml, their insecticidal activity were 5.8%, 33.8%, 77.3% and 98.5% respectively, and $LT_{50}$ values were 16.1 days, 7.3 days, 5.1 days and 3.5 days respectively. When nymphs were treated by the cultures of L. lecani Btab01 and maintained under saturated condition for zero hour, 24 hours and 168 hours, their control activities were 0%, 20.3% and 100% respectively. Spore germination of L. lecani Btab01 was increased about two times by adding edible oil. When L. lecani Btab01 was treated to control nymph with 0.1% edible oil, it showed high control activity(98.6%) compared to single treatment of L. lecani Btab01 (79.9%).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.397-402
• /
• 2013

The pharmacological efficacy of Protaetia (P.) brevitarsis larvae has been described in the Dongui Bogam. It is believed that the larvae are particularly useful for hepatic disorders. However, natural aversion has made it difficult to consume these larvae as food. Thus, we sought to make an eatable form of the larvae by establishing optimal conditions for larvae preparation. Larvae were selectively bred, sterilized, and a powder of larvae generated by freeze-drying. Afterward, the CellTiter $96^{(R)}$ AQueous Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS) with the RAW 264.7 cell line was used to validate the safety of the powder as a food ingredient. We determined that oak sawdust sterilized by water vapor for 5 minutes could be used for larvae feed, and a feeding for 3~5 days followed by a fasting for 3 days were optimal conditions for larvae preparation. In addition, sterilization of larvae at $115^{\circ}C$ and $0.9kgf/cm^3$ (to avoid contamination of pathogenic bacteria and fungi) was successfully applied in the production of edible powder from P. brevitarsis. The optimized processes established in our experiments can be used in the industrial production of P. brevitarsis as a food ingredient.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.115-126
• /
• 2004

Somatic hybrids of inter-compatible and inter-incompatible strains were obtained by protoplast fusion. The fusion products between compatible strains, Pleurotus ostreatus and P. florida, formed heterokaryons, while fusants between incompatible strains such as P. cornucopiae + P. florida, P. ostreatus + Ganoderma applanatum, P. florida + Ganoderma lucidum, and P. ostreatus + Flammulina velutipes formed synkaryons that retained genes from both parents. The heterokaryons showed the same level of basidioma development. In contrast, the synkaryons showed unique characteristics including clamp connection formation at mitosis, either partner basidioma development, and abnormal segregation and recombination compared with inter-compatible strains. Synkaryons can be classified into homokaryoyic and heterokaryotic type. A comparison of somatic hybrids with compatible and incompatible strains was made using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The heterokaryons between compatible species showed the same level of variability and contained both parental RAPD bands. In contrast, most of the synkaryons between incompatible species showed similarity to those of either parental bands and non-parental RAPD bands. Synkaryons can be classified into microgenome insertion type and macrogenome insertion type. A tetrapolar mating system was found among monospore isolates in somatic hybrids and wild type P. ostreatus. Homokaryons from each somatic hybrid combination were paired with tester homokaryons of the initial wild type of P. ostreatus. The changed mating types were identified in progenies. The pattern of mating type switching in somatic hybrids depends on compatibility of fusion partner. There are several factors related to the mechanism of clamp connection formation and fruiting body development of synkaryons. Of these,the major factor may be associated with self-fertility and mating type switching such as homokaryotic fruiting of wild type P. ostreatus. This review will discuss these aspects.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.125-134
• /
• 2020

To study the fairy ring and genet characteristics of Suillus bovinus based on thinning intensity in Pinus densiflora forests, a simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis was performed on the fruiting bodies of the plant. In pine wood production forests, the thinning strengths applied were 34%, 45%, and 60%. As a result, the number of fruiting bodies in the 34% treatment area was 104, which was higher than that in the other treatment areas. In the 34% treatment area, fruiting bodies occurred in a circular shape, within a diameter of approximately 5 meters (m) of the trees. In the 45% treatment area, the fruiting bodies were randomly distributed between 6 to 7 m from the trees, while in the 60% treatment, fruiting bodies occurred in a narrow oval shape, 6 m from the trees. In the control area, two fruiting bodies were present around the root collar. Hybridity was confirmed in the SSR markers of Sb-CA1 and Sb-CA3. The fruiting bodies in the 34% treatment area had a He / Ho value lower than that in the 60% treatment area. In fruiting bodies of the 34% treatment area, a total of 20 genets were identified, with an average size of 14±11 ㎡; 60% of genets were formed by a single fruiting body. In fruiting bodies of the 45% treatment area, a total of 6 genets were identified and the average size was 11±12 ㎡; 50% of genets were formed by a single fruiting body. In fruiting bodies of the 60% treatment area, a total of 10 genets were identified, with an average size of 1.1±0.8 ㎡; 70% of genets were formed by a single fruiting body. Thus, the formation ratio of a new genet increases when the thinning intensity is increased.