• 대한수학교육학회지:수학교육학연구
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.281-302
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 국가수준 학업성취도 서답형 문항의 문제해결 과정에서 나타나는 오류를 살펴보기 위하여 236개 학교 8007명의 답안지를 추출하여 분석하였다. 분석에 사용한 문항은 국가수준 학업성취도 평가 중학교 수학 서답형 문항으로 내용 영역은 '문자와 식', '함수'이고 행동 영역은 '문제해결'과 '계산'이다. 두 문항 모두 주어진 문제 상황에 알맞은 식을 세우고 조건에 맞는 결과를 산출하는 문제이다. 분석 결과 각 문항에 따라 문제 상황을 파악하여 식을 세우고, 풀며, 결과를 기술하는 세가지 과정에서 다양한 오류들이 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 이에 대한 원인을 추론하여 교수학적 시사점을 이끌어 내고자 하였다.

• 정보관리학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.3-23
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• 1987

이 연구에서 구현한 질문응답시스템은 한글 자연어로 된 텍스트와 질문을 자동으로 처리하는 지능형 정보시스템이다. 입력데이타는 스포츠관계 기사로 국한하였으며 프로그래밍 언어로는 코볼을 사용하였다. 이 시스템의 구문분석기는 격문법에 기초한 것으로서 어휘사전, 용언의 격프레임, 언어학적 규칙 등을 사용하여 문장을 분석한다. 본문검색과 사실검색이 모두 가능한 이 시스템에서는 질문에 대한 해답이 문장형태이거나 사실데이타 형태로 출력된다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.228-240
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• 2023

Growing complexity in ecosystem structure and functions, under impacts of climate and land-use changes, requires interdisciplinary understandings of processes and the whole-system, and accurate estimates of the changing functions. In the last three decades, observation networks for biodiversity, ecosystems, and ecosystem functions under climate change, have been developed by interested scientists, research institutions and universities. In this paper we will review (1) the development and on-going activities of those observation networks, (2) some outcomes from forest carbon cycle studies at our super-site "Takayama site" in Japan, and (3) a few ideas how we connect in-situ and satellite observations as well as fill observation gaps in the Asia-Oceania region. There have been many intensive research and networking efforts to promote investigations for ecosystem change and functions (e.g., Long-Term Ecological Research Network), measurements of greenhouse gas, heat, and water fluxes (flux network), and biodiversity from genetic to ecosystem level (Biodiversity Observation Network). Combining those in-situ field research data with modeling analysis and satellite remote sensing allows the research communities to up-scale spatially from local to global, and temporally from the past to future. These observation networks oftern use different methodologies and target different scientific disciplines. However growing needs for comprehensive observations to understand the response of biodiversity and ecosystem functions to climate and societal changes at local, national, regional, and global scales are providing opportunities and expectations to network these networks. Among the challenges to produce and share integrated knowledge on climate, ecosystem functions and biodiversity, filling scale-gaps in space and time among the phenomena is crucial. To showcase such efforts, interdisciplinary research at 'Takayama super-site' was reviewed by focusing on studies on forest carbon cycle and phenology. A key approach to respond to multidisciplinary questions is to integrate in-situ field research, ecosystem modeling, and satellite remote sensing by developing cross-scale methodologies at long-term observation field sites called "super-sites". The research approach at 'Takayama site' in Japan showcases this response to the needs of multidisciplinary questions and further development of terrestrial ecosystem research to address environmental change issues from local to national, regional and global scales.

• 농촌계획
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.69-78
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• 2023

Rural spaces are experiencing an increasing demand for novel functionalities and adaptations driven by technological advancements in agriculture and rural areas. This study aimed to investigate the public perception of rural spaces in the context of evolving agricultural technologies, specifically focusing on photovoltaic power generation, and the ensuing competition among various functions of rural spaces. A survey was conducted with a participant sample of 330, revealing that the majority of respondents prioritize agricultural production as the primary function of farmland. Furthermore, the survey results indicated that the installation of solar panels on farmland is perceived as a complex issue that affects multiple aspects, such as the landscape, local economy, ecological environment, climate change, and income. Additionally, disparities in responses to landscape-related questions were observed based on age, perception of agricultural land functions, and opinions on technological adoption. This finding suggests that the landscape is poised to become a significant factor in future agricultural and rural transformations. The findings of this survey can provide valuable contributions to the preparation of changes catalyzed by advancements in agricultural technology. Moreover, they offer guidance on the key factors that need to be taken into account when introducing new functions to rural spaces.

• BMB Reports
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.2-11
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• 2021

Antibody-based therapeutics targeting the inhibitory receptors PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA-4 have shown remarkable clinical progress on several cancers. However, most patients do not benefit from these therapies. Thus, many efforts are being made to identify new immune checkpoint receptor-ligand pathways that are alternative targets for cancer immunotherapies. Nectin and nectin-like molecules are widely expressed on several types of tumor cells and play regulatory roles in T- and NK-cell functions. TIGIT, CD226, CD96 and CD112R on lymphoid cells are a group of immunoglobulin superfamily receptors that interact with Nectin and nectin-like molecules with different affinities. These receptors transmit activating or inhibitory signals upon binding their cognate ligands to the immune cells. The integrated signals formed by their complex interactions contribute to regulating immune-cell functions. Several clinical trials are currently evaluating the efficacy of anti-TIGIT and anti-CD112R blockades for treating patients with solid tumors. However, many questions still need to be answered in order to fully understand the dynamics and functions of these receptor networks. This review addresses the rationale behind targeting TIGIT, CD226, CD96, and CD112R to regulate T- and NK-cell functions and discusses their potential application in cancer immunotherapy.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제9_10호
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• pp.28-90
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• 1985

This study has two objectives. ft attempts to describe the forms and (He functions of sentence final intonations in Korean, and it also attempts to deal with the relationship between questions and rising intonation for Korean and English. The contents of this study are as follows. In Chapter 2, the version of Korean(standard Korean) which this study is assumed to analyse, the sources of material involved, and the method and scope of analysis are stated. Chapter 3, which is a preparatory stage for the analysis of the function of intonation in standard Korean in Chapter 4, classifies the material according to the type of intonation used. In Chapter 4i the discussion is entirely devoted to the function of Korean intonation. The conclusions of Chapter 4 are as follows: Firstly, intonation contours in Korean have the function of distinguishing the sentence types; the falling contour marks declaratives, Wh- interrogatives and imperatives, while the rising contour marks yes/no interrogatives. However, it is interesting to note that in the interrogative sentences with the inflectional ending '-chi', a very different phenomenon is observed; that is to say, most of yes/no interrogatives are marked by the falling contour and all of Wh- interrogatives by the rising one. Secondly, the falling contour in Korean is typically employed in performing the illocutionary act of assertion in rhetorical and tag questions. Thirdly, the intonation in Korean contributes to express the speaker's special attitudes or emotions. In Chapter 5, where the relationship between questions and rising intonation is examined, Liberman's theory turns out to be untenable. Further-more. this thesis shows that an explanation of the relationship between questions and rising intonation should have its basis on general linguistic facts.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈D:수학교육연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.151-170
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• 2009

This study reports a research which was conducted on how frequently and where the students use the unit circle method while dealing with trigonometric functions in solving the trigonometry questions. Moreover, the reasons behind the choice of the methods, which could be the unit circle method, the ratio method, or the use of trigonometric identities, are also investigated to get an insight about their understanding. In this study, the relationship between the students' choices of methods in solving questions is examined in terms of instrumental or relational understanding. This is a multi-method research which involves a range of research strategies. The research techniques used in this study are test, verbal protocol (think aloud), and interview. The test has been applied to ten tenth grade students of a public school to get students' solution processes on the paper. Later on, verbal protocol has been performed with three students of these ten who were of the upper, middle and lower sets in terms of their performance in the test. The aim was to get much deeper data on the students' thinking and reasoning. Finally, interview questions have been asked both these three students and other three from the initial ten students to question the reasons behind their answers to the trigonometry questions. Findings in general suggest that students voluntarily choose to learn instrumentally whose reasons include teachers' and students' preference for the easier option and the anxiety resulting from the external exam pressure.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.35-40
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• 2018

Purpose: This study examined whether the quality of life of parents of children with cerebral palsy is affected by the functions, activities, participation, and environmental factors using an ICF-CY check list. Methods: This study recruited in 26 parents of children with cerebral palsy. The functions, activities, participation, and environmental factors of the children were evaluated using ICF-CY checklist. To measure the quality of life of parents, this study used world health organization quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF), which was composed of a total of 26 questions. The GMFCS (gross motor function classification system) was used to assess the degree of disability in the children. Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of the ICF-CY checklist on the quality of life. Correlation analysis was performed to examine the correlation between GMFCS and WHOQOL. Results: The functions, activities, participation, and environmental factors were significantly different from WHOQOL-BREF. On the other hand, the contextual factor showed a significant difference in the neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions (b7), and service, systems, and policies (e5)(p<0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that the functions and environmental factors affect the quality of life of parents of children with cerebral palsy. Therefore, these findings suggest that contextual factors, such as neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions (b7), and service, systems and policies (e5), which can be facilitators, should be considered for improving the quality of life of parents of children with cerebral palsy.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.257-268
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• 2000

As one of indirect ways to get an optimal answer for sensitive questions both lower and upper values are sometimes asked and collected. In this paper a statistical method is proposed to analyze this kind of data using graphics. This method could define each sample median and estimate an optimal value between lower and upper bounds. In particular we find that this method has similar explanations of an equilibrium price with demand and supply functions in Economics.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

Interleukin-24 (IL-24) belongs to the IL-10 family of cytokines and is well known for its tumor suppressor activity. This cytokine is released by both immune and nonimmune cells and acts on non-hematopoietic tissues such as skin, lung and reproductive tissues. Apart from its ubiquitous tumor suppressor function, IL-24 is also known to be involved in the immunopathology of autoimmune diseases like psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Although the cellular sources and functions of IL-24 are being increasingly investigated, the molecular mechanisms of IL-24 gene expression at the levels of signal transduction, epigenetics and transcription factor binding are still unclear. Understanding the specific molecular events that regulate the production of IL-24 will help to answer the remaining questions that are important for the design of new strategies of immune intervention involving IL-24. Herein, we briefly review the signaling pathways and transcription factors that facilitate, induce, or repress production of this cytokine along with the cellular sources and functions of IL-24.