• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.264-270
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• 2011

A new method for creating a logical data model is proposed. The logical data model developed by the method defines table, primary key, foreign key, and fields. The framework of the logical data model is constructed by modeling the relationships between events and their related entity types. The proposed method consists of a series of objective and quantitative decisions such as maximum cardinality of relationships and functional dependency between the primary key and attributes. Even beginners to database design can use the methology as long as they understand such basic concepts about relational databases as primary key, foreign key, relationship cardinality, parent-child relationship, and functional dependency. The simple and systematic approach minimizes decision errors made by a database designer. In practial database design the method creates a logical data model in Boyce-Codd normal form unless the user of the method makes a critical decision error, which is very unlikely.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제59권2호
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• pp.423-428
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• 2010

In the initial design phase of superscalar microprocessors, a performance model is necessary. A theoretic performance model is very useful since performance for various architecture parameters can be obtained by simply computing equations, without repeating simulations, Previous studies established theoretic performance models using the relation between the instruction window size and the issue width, with the penalties due to branch mispredictions and cache misses. However, the study was intended for unlimited number of functional units, which is insufficient for the real case application. This paper proposes a superscalar microprocessor theoretical performance model which also works for the limited functional units. To enhance the accuracy of our limited functional unit model, instruction dependency rates are employed. By using trace-driven data of SPEC 2000 integer programs as input, this paper shows that the theoretically computed performance of superscalar microprocessor with limited number of functional units is quite similar to the measured performance.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.149-160
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• 2019

본 연구는 2016년 7월부터 2017년 6월까지 인천 소재 A 대학교의 15분 단위의 일일 전기 사용량 시계열 데이터에 대해 functional data analysis 기법을 적용하여 군집화하고 각 군집의 특성을 파악하고 예측에 활용하고자 한다. 하루동안의 A 대학교의 전기 사용량은 패턴은 주중과 주말 에 큰 차이를 보이며 스플라인 기저함수로 FPCA 구한 후 이들에 대한 가우시안 분포의 혼합모형 기반 군집분석으로 3개의 군집화가 적절해 보인다. 각 군집에 대해 평균 함수, 확률밀도함수, 일들의 분포 등을 정리해 각 군집에 대한 정보와 특징을 보여준다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.877-893
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• 2011

Response spectra of earthquake ground motions are important in the earthquake-resistant design and reliability analysis of structures. The formulation of the response spectrum in the frequency domain efficiently computes and evaluates the stochastic response spectrum. The frequency information of the excitation can be described using different functional forms. The shapes of the calculated response spectra of the excitation show strong magnitude and site dependency, but weak distance dependency. In this paper, to compare the effect of the earthquake ground motion variables, the contribution of these sources of variability to the response spectrum's uncertainty is calculated by using a stochastic analysis. The analytical results show that earthquake source factors and soil condition variables are the main sources of uncertainty in the response spectra, while path variables, such as distance, anelastic attenuation and upper crust attenuation, have relatively little effect. The presented formulation of dynamic structural response in frequency domain based only on the frequency information of the excitation can provide an important basis for the structural analysis in some location that lacks strong motion records.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.304-313
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• 2015

Purpose: Aspiration pneumonia (AP) is the major complication of dysphagia in patients with acute stroke. Nursing management for dysphagia influences on patients' health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the effects of Dysphagia Nursing Protocol (DNP) for patients with acute stroke. We aimed to examine the incidence of AP and the dependency rate at the discharge. Methods: We used a non-equivalent control group posttest only design in this study. DNP was developed with content validity index > 0.75 in all items. This protocol was composed of the evaluation, education, complication prevention, and checking phases. After training the staff nurses, we applied DNP protocol to the experimental group. The control group was enrolled from June to August 2013 (n=80), and the experimental group was June to August 2014 (n=64). Results: The incidence of AP was 16.3% in control group while 4.7% in experimental group (p=.028), and the Odds Ratio (OR) was 0.26 (p=.045). The dependency ratio was 66.3% in control group while 43.8% in experimental group (p=.011), and the OR was 0.33 (p=.011). Conclusion: DNP was beneficial for the reducing the risk of AP and the improved the functional status.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.51-59
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• 2010

The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is widely used to determine the dependency of activity of daily living in rehabilitation patients. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the unidimentionality of the FIM physical items and to analyze the validity of cross-functional levels in stroke survivors in Korea. Thirteen physical items of FIM were rated according to an ordinal scale of a 7-level classification. Two hundred and seventy-nine patients participated in the study (age range 18~92 years and 57% male). Six items-eating, bladder control, bowel control, transfer to and from the bed/wheelchair, transfer to and from the toilet, and bathing-showed misfits with the Rasch model. The most difficult item was 'bathing', the easiest item was 'bowel control'. Although there were several differences within functional levels, the hierarchical order of item measures was rather similar. 'Bathing' was the most difficult in high level patients (above 60), however 'stairs' was most difficult in the middle level (41~60) group. In the low level group (below 40), 'toileting' was the most difficult. In conclusion, the present study has shown several differences of item difficulty among functional levels. This result will be useful in planning interventions, and developing rehabilitation programs for stroke survivors.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.139-153
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• 2010

Nitrosative stress is defined as pathophysiological conditions that are related to covalent modifications of proteins by nitration/nitrosylation by forms of nitrogen oxide ($NO_x$), leading to DNA damage, ultimately, cell death. This type of stress condition appears to be associated with a number of disease states, including diabetes, inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Since these pathological conditions are frequently chronic in nature and, thus, require long-term treatment, changes in pharmacokinetics are likely to affect the therapy. Transporters are membrane proteins that facilitate the movement of substrates, including drugs, across plasma membranes of epithelial / endothelial cells. Since it is now increasingly evident that transporters are pharmacokinetically significant, functional alteration of transporters by this stress condition may have therapeutic relevance. In this review, experimental techniques that are used to study both in vivo and in vitro nitrosative stress are summarized and discussed, along with available literature information on the functional implication of transporters under conditions of nitrosative stress conditions. In the literature, both functional induction and impa irment were apparently present for both drug transporter families [i.e., ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier families (SLC)]. Furthermore, a change in the function of a certain transporter appears to have temporal dependency by impairment in the early phase of nitrosative stress and induction thereafter, suggesting that the role of nitrosative stress is complex in terms of functional implications of the transporters. Although the underlying mechanisms for these alterations are not fully understood, protein nitration/nitrosylation appears to be involved in the functional impairment whereas transcript factor(s) activated by nitrosative stress may play a role, at least in part, in functional induction. Interestingly, functional induction under conditions of nitrosative stress has not been observed for SLC transporters while such impairment has been documented for both ABC and SLC transporters. Further investigations appear to be necessary to fully delineate the underlying reasons for these differences on the impact and importance of nitrosative stress conditions.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1987년도 전기.전자공학 학술대회 논문집(II)
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• pp.1516-1520
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• 1987

This paper proposes fault simulation algorithms for Domino CMOS circuits, The inputs having fanouts are described correctly in the algorithms by modeling the functional block in the Domino CMOS circuits as Modified dependency matrix. The proposed algorithms generate easily the test sequence which can detect the s-a-O, s-a-I, stuckopen faults in the Domino CMOS circuits.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.43-54
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• 1987

주어진 릴레이션 스킴(relation scheme)을 이에 관련된 함수적 종속(functional dependency)들을 가지고 분해하여 Boyce-Codd 정규형(Boyce-Codd normal form)에 속하는 릴레이션 스키머(schema)로 정규화(normalization)시키는 기존의 분해 알고리즘(decomposition algorithm)은 구현해서 사용하기에 적합하지 못하다. 본 고에서는 기존의 알고리즘 구현시 발생하는 문제점을 분석하고 이런 문제점을 해결하는 방법을 제시하며, 이를 토대로 Boyce-Codd 정규형 릴레이션 스킴을 생성하는 새로운 알고리즘을 제시하고, 이 알고리즘을 UNIX 환경하에 C 언어로 구현한 후 임의의 자료를 수행하여 얻어진 릴레이션 스키머와 기존의 알고리즘에 의해 얻어진 릴레이션 스키머를 비교분석하였다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2006년도 하계종합학술대회
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• pp.293-294
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• 2006

Interscale dependency and Liptschitz regularity of the wavelet coefficients imply the existence of functional mapping between scales. In this paper, the neural networks are exploited to learn an intercale mapping. We apply a phase-shifting filter for effective learning of the neural networks.