• ALGAE
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.333-341
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• 2014

In this study, four compounds isolated from the red alga Laurencia snackeyi were evaluated for their potential anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. These compounds were tested for their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Since $5{\beta}$-hydroxypalisadin B showed the best activity it was further tested for the production of prostaglandin-$E_2$ ($PGE_2$), expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). $5{\beta}$-Hydroxypalisadin B significantly reduced the $PGE_2$ release and suppressed the iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. It also significantly reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6. These findings provide the first evidence of anti-inflammatory potential of $5{\beta}$-hydroxypalisadin B isolated from the red alga L. snackeyi and hence, it could be exploited as an active ingredient in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and functional food applications.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.129-133
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• 2004

배추김치의 dichloromethane 획분의 수율은 약 1.66% 이었으며, 이로부터 silica gel column chroamtography, Sepadex LH-20 column chromatography, Sep-pack catridge 등을 이용하여 활성물질을 분리 정제하였고, IR, EI-MS, GC-MS. $^{1}H-NMR,\;^13C-NMR$로 구조를 확인하여 분자량 226인 3-(4'-hydroxyl-3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid로 밝혀다. 비추김치 활성성분의 DPPH 유리기 소거능은 vitamin C에 비해 3.4배 높았고, LDL 산화억제 효과는 대조군에 비해 현저히 높아 인체에서 지질저하 효과 및 동맥경화 억제 효과가 있을 것으로 예상된다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.98-104
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• 2010

The seeds from two mulberry fruits [Morus alba (MA) and Cudrania tricuspidata (CT)] were examined for their oil content, and fatty acid, phytosterol and tocopherol compositions and contents. Moreover, polyphenolic compounds and biological activity of the two defatted seed residue extracts were also evaluated. Oil contents of MA and CT seeds were 29.36% and 16.69%, respectively, while MeOH extracts of the defatted MA and CT seed residues were 5.10% and 6.22%, respectively. The two seed oils were composed of 81.4 and 74.37% linoleic, 5.75 and 11.39% oleic, 8.40 and 10.18% palmitic acid, and 3.52 and 3.0% stearic acids, and two other minor fatty acids, such as linolenic and arachidic acids. MA seed had higher contents of phytosterols (507.59 mg/100 g of oil), tocopherols (99.64 mg/100 g of oil), and total flavonoid (106.50 mg/100 g of seed) than CT seed, whereas CT seed had higher levels of total polyphenol than MA seed. The MeOH extract of MA seed residue showed higher antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-melanogenic activity than that of CT seed residue. trans-Resveratrol (9.62 mg/100 g), quercetin (54.83 mg/100 g), and 4-prenylmoracin (48.70 mg/100 g), were found to be the main polyphenolic components in the MeOH extract of MA seed residue. These results indicate that MA seeds are good sources of essential dietary phytochemicals with antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-melanogenic activity.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.27.1-27.6
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• 2019

Background: In order to assess the high value-added use of the alginate-free residue of sea tangle, an animal study was performed to evaluate the functional activities and key compounds present. In the animal study, sea tangle and the alginate-free residue demonstrated good anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-arteriosclerotic abilities. Results: The functional compounds in the alginate-free residue of the sea tangle were effectively extracted by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The optimum extraction temperature and pressure were 40 ℃ and 6500 psi (M1) in the SFE, a better method in comparison to the conditions of 70 ℃ and 4500 psi (M2), respectively. The anti-atherosclerotic effects of the alginate-free residue of sea tangle (M1, M2) were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats treated with poloxamer 407, Triton WR 1339, corn oil, and a high-fat diet. The M1 fraction reduced the serum lipid levels with greater efficacy than the M2 fraction. In the hyperlipidemic rats, treatment with M1 decreased the serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels when compared to the levels in normal rats. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that the alginate-free residue of sea tangle reduces serum TC, TG, and LDL-C. These results suggest that the alginate-free residue of sea tangle contains physiologically active components, such as fucosterol, that may exert beneficial effects in the prevention of atherosclerosis.

• 분석과학
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.98-107
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• 2020

Methamphetamine (MA) is currently the most abused illicit drug in Korea. MA is produced by chemical synthesis, and the final target drug that is produced contains small amounts of the precursor chemicals, intermediates, and by-products. To identify and quantify these trace compounds in MA seizures, a practical and feasible approach for conducting chromatographic fingerprinting with a suite of traditional chemometric methods and recently introduced machine learning approaches was examined. This was achieved using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with a flame ionization detector (FID) and mass spectrometry (MS). Following appropriate examination of all the peaks in 71 samples, 166 impurities were selected as the characteristic components. Unsupervised (principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and K-means clustering) and supervised (partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), support vector machines (SVM), and deep neural network (DNN) with Keras) chemometric techniques were employed for classifying the 71 MA seizures. The results of the PCA, HCA, K-means clustering, PLS-DA, OPLS-DA, SVM, and DNN methods for quality evaluation were in good agreement. However, the tested MA seizures possessed distinct features, such as chirality, cutting agents, and boiling points. The study indicated that the established qualitative and semi-quantitative methods will be practical and useful analytical tools for characterizing trace compounds in illicit MA seizures. Moreover, they will provide a statistical basis for identifying the synthesis route, sources of supply, trafficking routes, and connections between seizures, which will support drug law enforcement agencies in their effort to eliminate organized MA crime.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2013

Volatile flavor compounds of Chamaecyparis obtuse essential oil were extracted by simultaneous steam distillation extraction (SDE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and analyzed by GC-MS. A total of 48 and 50 components were identified in essential oil by SDE and SFE, respectively. Monoterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes in essential oil by SDE were 37.24, 10.9, 9.61, 0.22, and 0.22%, respectively. In the case of SFE, they were 19.1, 23.3, 22.66, 1.31, and 10.57%, respectively. Antioxidant activities were increased with the increase of essential oil up to $80{\mu}L/mL$, irrespective of extraction method. Especially, when the essential oil concentration extracted by SDE was increased from 20 to $80{\mu}L/mL$, the antioxidant activity was increased from 10.5 to 55.1%. However, over $80{\mu}L/mL$ of essential oil, an equilibrium state was maintained. In the case of essential oil extracted by SFE, it was decreased compared to that of SDE. For the improvement of atopic dermatitis, various cosmetics such as an ato-cide soap, ato-cide spray, and ato-cide lotion containing essential oil extracted by SFE were tested. About over 90% was useful for the improvement of atopic dermatitis after 4 weeks of clinical trial targeting 40 female adults. These results demonstrate that ato-cide soap, ato-cide spray, and ato-cide lotion containing essential oil extracted by SFE could be used in functional cosmetics.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.316-321
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• 2010

Krill byproduct was hydrolyzed with Alcalase 2.4L to produce functional ingredients for high antioxidative activities against 1,1-dimethyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical and Fe. The objective of this study was to investigate the optimum condition for degree of hydrolysis and antioxidative activity of enzymatic hydrolysate produced with the commercial Alcalase using response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite rotatable design (CCRD). The ranges of independent variables were pH 7.6~10.4 for initial pH and $50.9{\sim}79.1^{\circ}C$ for hydrolysis temperature and their dependent variables were degree of hydrolysis, Brix, amount of phenolic compounds, DPPH-scavenging activity and Fe-chelating activity. RSM with CCRD was well designed to investigate the optimum condition for functional ingredients with high antioxidative activities using Alcalase 2.4L because of their high $R^2$ values of the range of 0.93~0.99 except the $R^2$ value of 0.50 for the amount of total phenolic compounds. The optimum hydrolysis conditions were pH 9.5 and $62^{\circ}C$ for degree of hydrolysis (DH) and pH 9.1 and $64^{\circ}C$ for DPPH-scavenging activity by response surface methodology. The yield of DH and DPPH-scavenging activity were $14.1{\pm}0.5%$ and $10.5{\pm}0.2%$, respectively. It is advantageous to determine the optimum hydrolysis conditions of krill and its by-products for the creation of different kinds of food products, as well as to increase the usage of marine protein sources.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.3-9
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• 1983

Lithium n-butylborohydride was prepared from borane-dimethylsulfide (BMS) and n-butyllithium, and the approximate rates and stoichiometrics of its reactions with selected organic compounds containing representative functional groups were studied in THF at room temperature. Phenol and benzenetiol liberated hydrogen quickly and quantitatively, and the reactions of primary alcohols, 2,6-di-ter-butylphenol and 1-hexanethiol liberated hydrogen quantitatively within 3 hrs, whereas the reactions of secondary and tertiary alcohols were very slow. Aldehydes and ketones were reduced rapidly and quantitatively to the corresponding alcohols. Cinnamaldehyde utilized 1 equiv. of hydride rapidly, suggesting the reduction to cinnamyl alcohol. Carboxylic acids evolved 1 equiv. of hydrogen rapidly and further reduction was not observed. Anhydrides utilized 2 equiv. of hydride rapidly but further hydride uptake was very slow, showing a half reduction. Acid chlorides were reduced to the alcohol stage very rapidly. All the esters examined were reduced to the corresponding alcohol rapidly. Lactones were also reduced rapidly. Expoxides took up 1 equiv. of hydride at a moderate rate to be reduced to the corresponding alcohols. Nitriles and primary amides were inert to this hydride system, whereas tertiary amide underwent slow reduction. Nitroethane and nitrobenzene were reduced slowly, however azobenzene and azoxybenzene were quite inert. Cyclohexanone oxime evolved 1 equiv. of hydrogen rapidly, but no further reduction was observed. Phenyl isocyanate and pyridine N-oxide were proceeded slowly, showing 1.74 and 1.53 hydride uptake, respectively in 24 hours. Diphenyl disulfide was reduced rapidly, whereas di-n-butyl disulfide, sulfone and sulfonic acids were inert or sluggish. n-Hexyl iodide and benzyl bromide reacted rapidly, but n-octyl bromide, n-octyl chloride, and benzyl chloride reacted very slowly.

• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2010

Cooking drips which were obtained as by-product after seafood processing in the food industries, still contain lots of proteins, carbohydrates, and other functional materials. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on the biological activities of seafood cooking drips. When the cooking drips of Hizikia fusiformis, Enteroctopus dofleini and Thunnus thynnus were irradiated, the antioxidant activities, whitening effect, and angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibition activity of the ethanol extract from seafood cooking drips were all increased by gamma irradiation. This was because of the increased extraction efficiency of available compounds by irradiation. These results suggested that the seafood cooking drips, wasted as by-products, can be used as functional compounds with gamma irradiation treatment.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.469-475
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• 1993

The approximate rates and stoichiometry of the reaction of excess lithium tris(diethylamino)aluminum hydride (LTDEA) with selected organic compounds containing representative functional groups under standardized condition (tetrahydrofuran, 0$^{\circ}C$) were examined in order to define the characteristics of the reagent for selective reductions. The reducing ability of LTDEA was also compared with those of the parent lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) and lithium tris(dibutylamino)aluminum hydride (LTDBA). In general, the reactivity toward organic functionalities is in order of LAH${\gg}$LTDEA${\geq}$LTDBA. LTDEA shows a unique reducing characteristics. Thus, benzyl alcohol and phenol evolve hydrogen slowly. The rate of hydrogen evolution of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols is distinctive: 1-hexanol evolves hydrogen completely in 6 h, whereas 3-hexanol evolves hydrogen very slowly. However, 3-ethyl-3-pentanol does not evolve any hydrogen under these reaction conditions. Primary amine, such as n-hexylamine, evolves only 1 equivalent of hydrogen. On the other hand, thiols examined are absolutely inert to this reagent. LTDEA reduces aldehydes, ketones, esters, acid chlorides, and epoxides readily to the corresponding alcohols. Quinones, such as p-benzoquinone and anthraquinone, are reduced to the corresponding diols without hydrogen evolution. However, carboxylic acids, anhydrides, nitriles, and primary amides are reduced slowly, where as tertiary amides are readily reduced. Finally, sulfides and sulfoxides are reduced to thiols and sulfides, respectively, without evolution of hydrogen. In addition to that, the reagent appears to be an excellent partial reducing agent to convert esters, primary carboxamides, and aromatic nitriles into the corresponding aldehydes. Free carboxylic acids are also converted into aldehydes through treatment of acyloxy-9-BBN with this reagent in excellent yields.