• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.311-326
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to identify 1) the effect of two contexts (job interview, Informal outing) and clothing cues (type, style, color) on male impresssions 2) the effect of perceiver's age on male impressions created by the clothing cues and contexts. The subjects consisted of 256 male undergraduate students and 256 middle-aged men. The experimental materials developed for this study were a set of stimuli and response scales. The stimuli were 8 color photographs of drawings of a male figure in clothing which were manipulated in two levels, each of three clothing cues including type, style and color. The experimental design was full factorial design of $(2^4contex^2{\times}clothing type^2{times}clthing color^2$. Each of the 16 sub-samples includes 16 subjects from the two perceiver group. Questionnaires used to measure perceivers responses to the stimuli were 7-point semantic differential scales composed of 37 bipolar adjectives representing personal traits. The data was processed by factor analysis, ANOVA, multiple classification analysis, Duncan's multiple range test. The major findings drawn from this study were as follows: 1. Three factors emerged to account for the dimensional structure of the impressions of the male figure in clothing in two social situations. These factors involved evaluation, activity and uniqueness. 2. The contexts, clothing types and clothing styles had significant effects on evaluation, activity and uniqueness. The clothing styles had a considerable effect on both evaluation and uniqueness while the clothing types affected activity. The clothing color had least effect on the impression and had only moderate effect on evaluation. 3. Perceiver's age influenced impressions formed by the social contexts and clothing cues. Male college students were least affected by contexts and clothing cues, while middle-aged men wert affected most.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.241-256
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• 1996

The purposee of this study was to identify the effect of perceiver's clothing attitude on male impressions created by the clothing cues and contexts. In addition, the effect of perceiver's evaluations of clothing appropriateness on male impressions. The subjects consisted of 256 male undergraduate students and 256 middle aged men. The experimental materials developed for this study were a set of stimuli and response scales. The stimuli were 8 color Photographs of drawings of a male figure in clothing which were minipulated in two levels, each of three clothing cues including type, style and color. The experimental design was full factorial design of 2(contexts$\times$clothing types$\times$clothing style$\times$clothing color). Each of the 16 sub-samples includes 16 subjects from the two perceiver group. Questionnaires used to measure perceivers responses to the stimuli were 7-point semantic differential scales composed of 37 bipolar adjectives representing personal traits. Four aspects of clothing attitude(fashion interest, status symbols consiousness, clothing conformity, practicality & comfort)were used to classify subjects into groups of 20 five-point likers type questionnaires adapted from the previous research. Clothing appropriateness were developed 5 point likest scales for evaluation of a stimulus person in each context. The data was processed by factor analysis, ANOVA, multiple classification analysis, Duncan's multiple range test, cluster analysis, MANOVA and pearson's product moment correlations. The major findings drawn from this study were as follows: 1. Perceiver's clothing attitude influenced impression formed by the social contexts and clothing crises. In three groups classified by their clothing attitude, the status symbol-oriented group was most affected by the social contexts and clothing cues. 2. Perceiver's evaluation of clothing appropriateness was related with impressions by a stimulus person. In summary the effect of contexts and clothing cues on impression formation varied according to perceiver's clothing attitude and clothing approopiateness.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.197-210
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to Investigate men's clothing in regard to (1) the effect of wearer's age and clothing: rues on impression formation, and (2) the effect of perceiver's age on impressions formed by the wearer's age and the fuction of clothing cues. The experimental design of this study was between-subjects 24_full factorial design by 4 independent variables. The subjects consisted of 192 subjects in each of two male perceiver groups according to age(20s and 50s). The experimental moterials developed for the study were a set of stimuli al)d a response scale. The stimuli consisted of 16 color photographs made by identical manipulations of 4 independent variables consisting of 2 levels each. Each one of the sixteen sub-samples included 12 subjects from 2 perceiver groups. The independent variables provided by the photographs were (1) wearer's age (20s and 50s), (2) suit color (navy blue and beige),' (3) suit style (single breasted and double breasted), and (4) necktie color (analogous and complementary colors) . The 7-point semantic differential response scale which was designed to measure the impression of the stimuli was composed of 30 bipolar adjectives. The responses to the semantic differential scales were analyzed using factor analysis and ANOVA. The results were as follows:1) Wearer's age, suit color, suit style, and necktie color had significant effects on impression of the 3 factors (appearance·potency, individuality activity, and evaluation) partiafly. However, the suit style was the most dominent clothing cue : the single breasted suit conveyed positive impression of individuality' activity to both of the wearer's age groups than double breasted suit did on both of the perceiver's age groups. 2) Perceiver's age partially influenced impressions formed by the age and the clothing cues of men clothed in suits : the young perceiver's group was less affected by them than middle aged group.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.187-205
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• 2014

The global price of oil, which is both finite and limited in quantity, has been rising steadily because of the increasing requirements for energy in both developing and developed countries. Furthermore, regulations have been strengthened across all industries to address global warming. Many studies of hull resistance, propulsion and operation of ships have been performed to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. This study examined the design parameters of the propeller boss cap fin (PBCF) and hub cap for 6,000TEU container ships to improve the propulsion efficiency. The design parameters of PBCF have been selected based on the geometrical shape. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis with a propeller open water (POW) test was performed to check the validity of CFD analysis. The design of experiment (DOE) case was selected as a full factorial design, and the experiment was analyzed by POW and CFD analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the correlation among design parameters. Four design alternatives of PBCF were selected from the DOE. The shape of a propeller hub cap was selected as a divergent shape, and the divergent angle was determined by the DOE. Four design alternatives of PBCF were attached to the divergent hub cap, and the POW was estimated by CFD. As a result, the divergent hub cap with PBCF has a negative effect on the POW, which is induced by an increase in torque coefficient. A POW test and cavitation test were performed with a divergent hub cap with PBCF to verify the CFD result. The POW test result showed that the open water efficiency was increased approximately 2% with a divergent hub cap compared to a normal cap. The POW test result was similar to the CFD result, and the divergent hub cap with the PBCF models showed lower open water efficiency. This was attributed to an increase in the torque coefficient just like the CFD results. A cavitation test was performed using the 2 models selected. The test result showed that the hub vortex is increased downstream of the propeller.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.53-62
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• 2011

This study discusses the effectiveness of safety management programs resulted from examining crash data collected during the period of implementation of the programs by a commercial transport company. For the analysis, two tye of comparison approaches are adopted: 1) a study comparing before-after of the implementation of a safety program, and 2) a study comparing a traffic accident index for various target groups. Technically, the effect of the safety management program is derived by eliminating both the 'regression to the mean' and the changing trend in the traffic accident index. The results show that safety management programs are effective to prevent traffic accidents, whereas company type appears irrelevant. The results also show that the effectiveness is significantly different depending on the intensity of safety management program and company size. In addition, a reciprocal effect is very likely to existamong the combination of these variables. This indicates that in order to improve the accident reduction effectiveness of such programs, the development and application of safety management programs based on both safety management strength and company size are required.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.165-178
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• 2014

Statistical medium optimization has been carried out for the production of succinic acid in anaerobic fermentations of Actinobacillus succinogenes. Succinic acid utilized as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals is a fourcarbon dicarboxylic acid, biosynthesized as one of the fermentation products of anaerobic metabolism by A. succinogenes. Through OFAT (one factor at a time) experiments, corn steep liquor (CSL), a very cheap agricultural byproduct, was found to have significant effects on enhanced production of succinic acid, when supplemented along with yeast extract. Hence, using these factors including glucose as a carbon/energy source, interactive effects were investigated through $2^n$ full factorial design (FFD) experiments, showing that the concentration of each component (i.e., glucose, yeast extract and CSL) should be higher. Further statistical experiments were conducted along the steepest ascent path, followed by response surface method (RSM) in order to find out optimal concentrations of each constituent. Consequently, optimized concentrations of glucose, yeast extract and CSL were observed to be 180 g/L, 15.08 g/L and 20.75 g/L respectively (10 g/L of $NaHCO_3$ and 100 g/L of $MgCO_3$ to be supplemented as bicarbonate suppliers), with the estimated production level of succinic acid to be 92.9 g/L (about 3.5 fold higher productivity as compared to the initial medium). Notably, the RSM-estimated production level was almost similar to the amount of succinic acid (92.9 g/L vs. 89.1 g/L) produced through the actual fermentation process performed using the statistically optimized production medium.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 2009

As the number of personal computers installed in vehicles increases, a touchpad often used in a labtop computer can be used for the control of an in-vehicle information system (IVIS). Using a touchpad to control the system allows the user to select among large amount of information with a single touch of dragging. For safety and convenience of a driver, the touchpad could be placed on a steering wheel. This research is designed to calculate the most efficient Control-Response Ratio (C/R ratio) for the menu interaction of a touchpad on a steering wheel. Since the menu pointer's rate of movement and proper C/R ratio is determined by the amount of selected information, the amount of displayed information and the movement of a menu pointer was chosen to be independent variables. The dependent variables are a user's preference and task completion time. Two factor full factorial within subject design was used 16 subjects. The investigation revealed that the amount of selected information increased with increasing C/R ratio. The movement of the pointer became slower as the amount of information increased. The best C/R ratio was calculated for each amount of information and preference regression of the user's preference was drawn accordingly. Through this research, the automobile interior designer can benefit from the guidelines suggested for the touchpad control.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.449-454
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• 2014

The effects of food deprivation and feeding ratio on the growth, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were investigated in 810 juvenile fish averaging 6.4 g in weight randomly distributed in 27 400-L flow-through tanks. A 3 [food deprivation: 8-week feeding without food deprivation (8W), 7-week feeding after 1-week food deprivation (7W) and 6-week feeding after 2-week food deprivation (6W)]${\time}3$ (feeding ratio: 100%, 95% and 90% of satiation, hereafter denoted by 100, 95 and 90, respectively) factorial design was applied. The weight gain of the fish was significantly affected by both food deprivation and feeding ratio. The weight gain of the fish under the 8W-100 treatment was higher than that of those under the 7W-95, 7W-90, 6W-100, 6W-95 and 6W-90 treatments, but did not differ from those of fish under the 8W-95, 8W-90 and 7W-100 treatments. The specific growth rate (SGR) and the feed intake of the fish were affected by both food deprivation and feeding ratio. However, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was unaffected by both food deprivation and feeding ratio. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) was affected by the feeding ratio, but not by food deprivation. The protein retention (PR) was affected by food deprivation, but not by feeding ratio. Juvenile olive flounder subjected to 1-week food deprivation at 100% satiation (7W-100 treatment) achieved full compensatory growth.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.461-473
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• 2017

Total mixed ration (TMR) including concentrate diet and roughage together have been used for the ruminant animal. Relatively high concentrations of moisture and water soluble carbohydrate are representative feature of TMR. Those moisture and water can also provide a niche for bacterial growth. Therefore, a possible fermentation of TMR induced by micro-organism is generally accepted. The present study hypothesized that different lactic acid bacteria could alter fermentation of TMR and subsequently rumen fermentation. Three lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus paracasei (A), L. plantarum (B) and L. parabuchneri (C), were employed and 7 treatments under full factorial design were compared with control without inoculation. TMR for dairy cow was used. Significant alterations by treatments were detected at lactic acid and butyric acid contents in TMR (p<0.05). Treatment AC (mixture of A and C) and BC (mixture of B and C) showed great lactate production. Great butyrate production was found at treatment C. At in vitro rumen fermentation, treatments B, C and AB (mixture of A and B) showed significantly great total gas production (p<0.05). All treatments except treatments B and AB, showed less dry matter digestibility, significantly (p<0.05). Total volatile fatty acid production at treatment AC was significantly greater than others (p<0.05). In individual volatile fatty acid production, treatment AB and AC showed great acetate and propionate productions, significantly (p<0.05). This study investigated correlation between organic acid production in TMR and rumen volatile fatty acid production. And it was found that butyric acid in TMR had significant negative correlation with acetate, propionate, total volatile fatty acid, AP ratio and dry matter digestibility.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.43-51
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• 2017

The automatic welding systems, have received much attention in recent years, because they are highly suitable not only to increase the quality and productivity, but also to decrease manufacturing time and cost for a given product. Automatic welding work in semiconductor or space industry to be carried out in pipe line and butt joint mostly and plasma arc welding(PAW) is actively applied. To get the desired quality welds in automated welding system is challenging, a mathematical model is needed that has complete control over the relevant process parameters in order to obtain the required mechanical properties. However, In various industries the welding process mathematical model is not fully formulated for the process parameter and on the welding conditions, therefore only partial variables can be predicted. Therefore, this paper investigates the interaction between the welding parameters and mechanical properties for predicting the weld bead geometry by analyzing the S/N ratio.