• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.599-603
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• 2005

Chemical constituents of fruit peels of Fortunella japonica Swingle were investigated, and ten compounds were purified and isolated through various chromatographic procedures. Through NMR analysis, isolated compounds were identified as ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (1), lupenone (2), ${\beta}$-amyrin (3), ${\alpha}$-amyrin (4), ${\beta}$-sitosterol (5), ${\beta}$-sitosteryl 3-O-glucopyranoside (6), kaempferide 3-O-rhanmopyranoside (7), 3',5'-di-C-${\beta}$-glucopyranosylphloretin (8), acacetin 7-O-neohesperidoside (9), and acacetin 8-C-neohesperidoside (10). Compounds 1-7 were identified for the first time by our group from fruit peels of F. japonica.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2018

This study relates to a composition for improvement of memory or prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment using waste resources rich in beneficial substances. This study makes good effects to inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase in brain tissue and to improve the cognitive functions in a simulation model of cognitive impairment induced by scopolamine, so it can be available in the promotion of memory and the prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment. The composition uses the extract of fruit peels, which have long been used without causing toxicity in a wide range of food applications; therefore, it can be used safely without a risk of side effects, even in the case of a long-term administration for the preventive purpose. Furthermore, this research is a very beneficial invention in the environment-friendly aspect in association with the recycling of resources, as it is based on the novel efficacies of fruit peels, which have been conventionally disposed as a refuse of fruits due to their poor sensory qualities despite the content of beneficial substances.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.347-354
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• 2013

Apple and pear are popular fruits consumed in Korea and are common fruit in daily diet. In order to compare the antioxidant activity of the apple and pear peels, total polyphenol contents, total flavonoid contents, $ABTS^+$ free radical scavenging activity, and DPPH free radical scavenging activity were measured from hot water, ethanol, and methanol extracts of the two fruit peels. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were highest in 95% methanol extracts of the apple peelsand 70% ethanol extract of the pear peels, respectively. Total polyphenol contents of the pear peels were higher than that of apple peels, and total flavonoid contents of the apple peels were higher than that of pear peels. The apple and pear peels had the highest $ABTS^{+{\cdot}}$ and DPPH free radical scavenging activity in 95% methanol extracts and 70% ethanol extracts, respectively. $ABTS^{+{\cdot}}$ and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of pear peels was higher than that of apple peels, and the DPPH free radical scavenging activity of apple and pear peels were detected in hot water, 95% methanol, and 70% ethanol extracts, respectively. Ascorbic acid, a synthetic antioxidant used as positive control, had significantly higher scavenging activity than the apple and pear peels. In conclusion, the apple and pear peelshave great potential as natural antioxidants. Therefore, above results should be considered to provide the possibility for the development of high functional antioxidants.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.321-333
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• 2023

배, 포도, 자두, 오렌지, 사과와 골든키위 껍질을 첨가한 콤부차의 pH, 산도, 가용성 고형분, 총당, 환원당, 폴리페놀 함량, 플라보노이드 함량, 안토시아닌 함량, DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 색도를 조사하였다. 모든 실험구와 대조구는 발효 진행에 따라 pH는 감소하고 산도는 증가하였다. 가용성 고형분도 증가하였고, 대부분의 실험구가 대조구보다 높았다. 총당은 시간이 지날수록 감소했지만 환원당은 증가하였다. Day 0에서 총당과 환원당은 껍질 첨가군이 대조군보다 높았다. 폴리페놀, 플라보노이드, 안토시아닌 및 DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 발효 진행에 따라 증가하였고, 배를 제외한 모든 첨가군은 비첨가군보다 높게 나타났다. 시간이 지남에 따라 Anthocyanins이 높은 자두와 포도를 제외하고 L값은 증가하였고, 자두와 포도의 a값은 증가하였다(p<0.05).

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제64권3호
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• pp.237-244
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• 2021

Camellia sinensis, Green tea, contains phenolic compounds that act to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as catechin, epicatechin, etc. In contrast with the tea leaf, the bioactivity of its fruit and the fruit peels remains still unclear. This study focused on the effects of fruit and fruit peels of C. sinensis (FC and PC) against oxidative DNA damage in NIH/3T3 cells. The scavenging effects of FC and PC on ROS were assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl or 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radicals. The measurement of ROS in cellular levels was conducted by DCFDA reagent and the protein expression of γ-H2AX, H2AX, cleaved caspase-3, p53, and, p-p53 was analyzed by immunoblotting. The gene expressions of p53 and H2AX were assessed using polymerase chain reaction techniques. The major metabolites of FC and PC were quantitatively measured analyzed and the amounts of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in PC were greater than those in FC. Further, PC suppressed ROS production, which protects the oxidative stress-induced DNA damage through reducing H2AX, p53, and caspase-3 phosphorylation. These results refer that the protective effects of FC and PC are mediated by inhibition of p53 signaling pathways, probably via the bioactivity of phenolic compounds. Thus, FC and PC can serve as a potential antioxidant in DNA damage-associated diseases.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.540-544
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• 2012

국내에서 시판되는 11 종의 과일을 선별하여 과일 껍질에 함유된 항산화 성분과 항산화 활성을 측정하여 이들 인자간의 상관성을 평가하였다. 동결건조 시료의 80% 에탄올 추출물에 함유된 총 폴리페놀(44.1-178.3 mg GAE/g dw), 플라보노이드(4.1-40.3 mg QE/g dw), 비타민 C의 함량(0.12-4.60 mg/g dw)을 측정하고, DPPH(평균 89.1% 소거능)와 ABTS 라디칼 소거활성(평균 84.2% 소거능) 및 환원력(186.2-953.8 mM AAE/g dw)을 측정하여 시료의 항산화능을 평가한 결과는 다음과 같다. 총페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 자두>골드키위>포도껍질 등의 순위로 가장 높았으며, ABTS 라디컬 소거능과 환원력에 의한 항산화 활성 역시, 자두>골드키위>포도껍질 순으로 높게 나타나 이들의 항산화능은 주로 폴리페놀 성분에 기인한 것으로 밝혀졌다($R^2$=0.6356). 그러나 비타민 C의 함량이 높은 귤(4.60 mg), 오렌지(2.27 mg), 참외껍질(2.16 mg) 등의 항산화 활성은 DPPH 라디컬 소거능과 정의 상관관계($R^2$=0.5201)를 나타내어 본 실험에 사용된 대부분의 과일 껍질은 자체내 함유된 폴리페놀 화합물이나 비타민 C 등의 항산화 성분 및 농도에 따라 비교적 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 특히 폴리페놀 함량과 항산화 활성이 가장 높게 나타난 자두와 골드키위의 껍질은 천연 항산화제뿐 아니라 기능성 식품 소재로서의 활용 가능성이 제시된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.272-282
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• 2022

The essential oil extracted from Citrus × natsudaidai (Yu. Tanaka) Hayata peels is known to have various biological properties. However, the chemical composition of essential oil is influenced by the ripening stages of fruits, which then affects related biological activities. This study investigates the antioxidant activities of essential oils extracted from Citrus × natsudaidai peels at different ripening stages (immature, mature, and overripe). The essential oils were extracted using the hydro-distillation method. As a result of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, d-limonene was dominant and was increased as matured. However, 𝛄-terpinene was decreased. The antioxidant properties and their total phenolic content (TPC) were influenced by the ripening stages. The TPC was highest in the immature stage of essential oil (1,011.25 ± 57.15 mg GAE/100 g). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was excellent in the immature stage (EC₅₀ = 15.91 ± 0.38 mg/mL). 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity was superior in overripe stage (EC₅₀ = 20.43 ± 0.37 mg/mL). The antioxidant activity measured using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay showed higher values for the essential oils in immaturity (1,342.37 ± 71.07 mg Fe²⁺/100 g). Comprehensively, the essential oil in the immature stage showed the best antioxidant activity. Finally, knowing the chemical composition and antioxidant activity at different ripening stages will provide data for selecting the right fruit.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.143-146
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• 2001

Eight flavonoids, including rutin, naringin, hesperidin, quercetin, hesperetin, nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-methoxylated flavone, and tangeretin, in the peels of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) species of Halla, Gungcheon, Hungjin, Namgam-20, Illnam-1, and Chungdo harvested between August and December were analyzed through HPLC. Hesperidin content of Halla harvested during early maturation was 28.70 mg/g, and was the highest among the tested citrus fruits. Rutin content of Hungjin harvested during early maturation was 2.66 mg/g. Naringin in all citrus species and hesperetin in Halla, Gungchun, Namgam-20, and Chungdo were only detected in the peel of fruits harvested during early maturation. Hesperidin and rutin were detected mainly in all citrus species, and other flavonoids in trace. Flavonoid content in the peel of fruits was high during early maturation. Flavonoid contents in the peels of all fruit samples were generally high in the early stage of maturation, which then decreased rapidly.

• 공업화학
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.619-623
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• 2014

산 가수분해공정과 효소당화공정을 이용하여 사과, 귤, 수박껍질로부터 셀룰로오스 에탄올을 생산하고, 그 최적조건을 결정함으로써 과일껍질을 원료로 한 바이오에너지 생산가능성을 평가하고자 하였다. 산 가수분해공정을 이용하여 과일껍질로부터 셀룰로오스 에탄올을 생산하기 위한 최적조건은 사과껍질의 경우 황산농도 20 wt%에서 90 min, 귤껍질과 수박껍질의 경우에는 각각 산 가수분해시간 60 min에서 황산의 농도가 15, 10 wt%인 것으로 나타났다. 효소당화공정을 이용하여 과일껍질로부터 셀룰로오스 에탄올을 생산할 경우 효소로는 Viscozyme이 가장 우수한 전환특성을 나타내었으며, 최적 효소당화시간은 사과껍질(180 min), 귤껍질(60 min), 수박껍질(120 min)인 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.311-319
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• 2016

In this study, an environment-friendly synthetic strategy to process zinc oxide nanocrystals is reported. The biosynthesis method used in this study is simple and cost-effective, with reduced solvent waste via the use of fruit peel extract as a natural ligation agent. The formation of ZnO nanocrystals using a rambutan peel extract was observed in this study. Rambutan peels has the ability to ligate zinc ions as a natural ligation agent, resulting in ZnO nanochain formation due to the presence of an extended polyphenolic system over the whole incubation period. Via transmission electron microscopy, successful formation of zinc oxide nanochains was confirmed. TEM observation revealed that the bioinspired ZnO nanocrystals were spherical and/or hexagonal particles with sizes between 50 and 100 nm.