• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2011

In order to distinguish the cultivation area of Panax ginseng, principal component analysis (PCA) using quantitative and qualitative data acquired from HPLC was carried out. A new HPLC method coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD) was developed for the simultaneous quantification of ten major ginsenosides, namely $Rh_1$, $Rg_2$, $Rg_3$, $Rg_1$, Rf, Re, Rd, $Rb_2$, Rc, and $Rb_1$ in the root of P. ginseng C. A. Meyer. Simultaneous separations of these ten ginsenosides were achieved on a carbohydrate analytical column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water-isopropanol, and acetonitrile-water-isopropanol using a gradient elution. Distinct differences in qualitative and quantitative characteristics for ginsenosides were found between the ginseng roots produced in two different Korean cultivation areas, Ganghwa and Punggi. The ginsenoside profiles obtained via HPLC analysis were subjected to PCA. PCA score plots using two principal components (PCs) showed good separation for the ginseng roots cultivated in Ganghwa and Punggi. PC1 influenced the separation, capturing 43.6% of the variance, while PC2 affected differentiation, explaining 18.0% of the variance. The highest contribution components were ginsenoside $Rg_3$ for PC1 and ginsenoside Rf for PC2. Particularly, the PCA score plot for the small ginseng roots of six-year old, each of which was light than 147 g fresh weight, showed more distinct discrimination. PC1 influenced the separation between different sample sets, capturing 51.8% of the variance, while PC2 affected differentiation, also explaining 28.0% of the variance. The highest contribution component was ginsenoside Rf for PC1 and ginsenoside $Rg_2$ for PC2. In conclusion, the HPLC-ELSD method using a carbohydrate column allowed for the simultaneous quantification of ten major ginsenosides, and PCA analysis of the ginsenoside peaks shown on the HPLC chromatogram would be a very acceptable strategy for discrimination of the cultivation area of ginseng roots.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.187-196
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• 2004

Now many sustitution and false articles is used in korea instead of shanyao. To use shanyao correctly, we will make a quilitative certificational plan of shanyao to investigate all of lieraturea, records and documents. And we could reach conclusions as folloews. 1) Source About a source of shanyao, though korea and china has a each other source, we think there is no problem in use of both. 2) Process In our country producing shanyao as medical use is a 'duanma', we can divide into peeling and non-peeling, drying at bulks and at briquets, steaming shanyao and fresh shanyao. Regardless of existence for peeling and steaming, a distributing shanyao is received a proper judgment. Like this result was expressed by insufficiency of standards about medical components or indicating components. We detected a reminding S02 more than 10 ppm. And this expresses that there ia a problum at a drying method. To suggest proper processing methods, a standard of quility will have to be made which the existence of peeling, difference of quility between 'changma' and 'duanma', drying method and exudation test with cutted thickness are adaptable. Besides, 'maoshanyao' and 'guangshanyao' of china is processed by various methods which decrease a medical effect such as too much soaking shanyao in water, steaming with a sulfur, too much peeling, So we must process shanyao like the next methods. (1) When harvesting, dig deeply not to cut off roots. (2) Not to peel, wash shanyao in a washing machine. (3) Dry to 50-60% degree at sunny place or drying machine. (4) To be easy for drying and exudation, cut off a thick piece with 5 mm (5) Dry perfectly at ding machine. 3) Quality3) Quality (1) Functional standards It is not Proper that 'guangshanyao' is used in china because it has a problem with quility on process of working, If they did not soak shanyao in water or heat with steam, it is the real situation that they cannot cutt off shanyao evenly. In conclusion, shanyao must be heavy, powdery with a perfectly non-peeling surface, section surface is yellow-white color, unequal and has no holes. (2) Physicochemical standards It is the real situation that we can not distinguish into quility of shanyao with established test because various workings which decrease medical effects is used. Therefore we suggest a testing standard of S02 which is used in bleaching. And testing standards relatived with decrease of medical effects must be established at once. It must that Dry on loss is less than 14.0%, content of ash is less than 6.0%. Content of acid-nonsoluble ash is less than 0.5%. Contens of heavy metal has to detect less than 30 ppm and there is no reminding agricultural medince.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.219-228
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• 2010

It has been well known that concrete structures exposed to acid and sulfate environments such as sewer, sewage and wastewater, soil, groundwater, and seawater etc. show significant decrease in their durability due to chemical attack. Such deleterious acid and sulfate attacks lead to expansion and cracking in concrete, and thus, eventually result in damage to concrete matrix by forming expansive hydration products due to the reaction between portland cement hydration products and acid and sulfate ions. Objectives of this experimental research are to investigate the effect of mineral admixtures on the resistance to acid and sulfate attack in concrete and to suggest high-resistance concrete mix against acid and sulfate attack. For this purpose, concretes specimens with three types of cement (ordinary portland cement (OPC), binary blended cement (BBC), and ternary blended cement (TBC) composed of different types and proportions of admixtures) were prepared at water-biner ratios of 32% and 43%. The concrete specimens were immersed in fresh water, 5% sulfuric acid, 10% sodium sulfate, and 10% magnesium sulfate solutions for 28, 56, 91, 182, and 365 days, respectively. To evaluate the resistance to acid and sulfate for concrete specimens, visual appearance changes were observed and compressive strength ratios and mass change ratios were measured. It was observed from the test results that the resistance against sulfuric acid and sodium sulfate solutions of the concretes containing mineral admixtures were much better than that of OPC concrete, but in the case of magnesium sulfate solution the concretes containing mineral admixtures was less resistant than OPC concrete due to formation of magnesium silicate hydrate (M-S-H) which is non-cementitious.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.937-941
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• 2005

The antioxidant and anticancer activities of Styela plicata extracts were evaluated. When extracts were prepared with fresh Styela plicata (FR), extraction yield was in the order of methanol > ethanol = acetone > water among treated solvents. However, the extraction order was methanol > water > ethanol > acetate in freeze dried Styela plicata (FD). Radical scavenging activity was the highest in acetone extracts $(37.39\%)$ from FR, while in ethanol extracts $(78.40\%)$ from FD. Reducing power of FR was the greatest in methanol extracts (1.076), and that of FD in ethanol extracts (1.360). The acetone extracts from FD showed significant anticancer activity when revealed with human colon cancer cell line HT-29. These results indicated that extraction yields and properties of extracts from Styela plicata were variable depending on solvent and/or physicochemical state, and appropriate extraction process could provide some valuable bioactive materials from Styela plicata.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.631-639
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• 2011

This research was conducted to investigate potential use of New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia tetragonoides) as a new vegetable crop which will be cultivating in salt-affected soils including reclaimed land. Traditionally New Zealand spinach has been studied to explore functional compound or salt removing potential. To cultivate the crop species in the salt-affected soil widely, it is essential to obtain salt and soil texture responses under the controlled environment. Fifty nine New Zealand spinach ecotypes native to Korean peninsula first collected over seashore areas, and primitive habitat soil environment was evaluated by analyzing soil chemical properties from 32 locations. Different textures of sandy, silt loam, and sandy loam soils were prepared from nearby sources of sea shore, upland and paddy soils, respectively. Target salinity levels of 16.0 dS/m, 27.5 dS/m, 39.9 dS/m, and 52.4 dS/m in electrical conductivity (ECw) were achieved by diluting of 25, 50, 75, 100% (v/v) sea water to tap water (control, 0.6 dS/m), respectively. Various measurements responding to soil texture and irrigation salinity included plant height, root length, fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), leaf parameters (leaf number, leaf length, leaf width), lateral branching, and inorganic ion content. was found to adapt to diverse habitats ranging various soil chemical properties including soil pH, organic matter, exchangeable bases, EC, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in Korea. Responding to soil texture, New Zealand spinach grew better in silt loam and sandy loam soil than in sandy soil. Higher yield (FW and DW) seemed to be associated with branch number (r=0.99 and 0.99, respectively), followed by plant height (r=0.94 and 0.97, respectively) and leaf number (r=0.89 and 0.84, respectively). Plant height, FW, and DW of the New Zealand spinach accessions were decreased with increasing irrigation salinity, while root length was not significantly different compared to control. Based on previous report, more narrow spectrum of salinity range (up to 16 dS/m) needs to be further studied in order to obtain more accurate salinity responses of the plant. As expected, leaf Na content was increased significantly with increasing salinity, while K and Ca contents decreased. Growth responses to soil texture and irrigation salinity implied the potential use of New Zealand spinach as a leafy vegetable in salt-affected soil constructed with silt loam or sandy loam soils.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.202-208
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• 2020

The objective of this study was to select the right species among Agastache in the family Lamiaceae as the result of growth analysis and functional substance analysis. Among 22 species of Agastache, five species (Agastache cana, Agastache foeniculum, Agastache rugosa 'Spike Blue', Agastache rugosa 'Spike Snow', Agastache rupestris) were selected by referring to United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)'s plant hardiness zone area and Korea's one based on USDAs. These plants were cultured at 24 ± 1℃ and 18 ± 1℃ (day and night temperatures, respectively) and 65 ~ 75% relative humidity in a hydroponic culture system for 4 weeks. In terms of growth analysis experiment, stem length, root length, leaf width, leaf area, leaf number, SPAD value, and fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots were measured. The results showed that A. rugosa SS and A. rugosa SB have a higher overall balance value than other species. When compared functional substance value (rosmarinic acid, tilianin, and acacetin) of five species, A. rugosa SS and A. rugosa SB are significantly higher than other species in Agastache. It seems to be directly proportional to the growth analysis results. When considering the growth and functional substance part comprehensively, A. rugosa SS and A. rugosa SB are the most optimal high-value species among Agastache.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 1980

To clarify the influence of ethylene on flowering and senescence of carnation flowers and the treatment of the floral preservative solution for reducing their ethylene production, bud-cut carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. Coral) were sprayed with/without 500 ppm ethephon [(2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid] and then held in distilled water or preservative solution (5% sucrose+50 ppm $AgNO_3$+300 ppm 8-hydroxyquinoline). 1. Ethylene inhibited to bloom carnation flowers because of causing sleepiness. 2. Carnation flowers were led to senescence after a lot of ethylene was produced by them. Therefore, ethylene seems to act as a trigger of senescence in carnation flowers. 3. The features of senescence in carnation flowers were different in accordance with the amount of ethylene produced by the flowers. 4. Exposure to ethylene decreased fresh weight, flower diameter, and water uptake of carnations. 5. The floral preservative extended vase life markedly by inhibiting ethylene production of cut flowers. The flowers exposed to lots of ethylene, however, were not restored even though they were held in the preservative solution.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.145-150
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• 2002

The changes in sensory characteristics, physical and chemical properties of raw ginseng (4-year-root, 50 g/root) were investigated when they were packaged individually in a soft film bag (ONY/LDPE/L-LDPE ; 200$\times$300 ㎜, 90 ㎛) and stored at 25$\^{C}$ for twenty days. Seventy-five percentages of sixty raw ginseng samples were adulterated and the most phenomenon of adulterating the raw ginseng was softening. Softened ginsengs were softer and stickier and they had stronger pungent and sour odors, stronger sour and sweet tastes than normal ginseng but had weaker ginseng and fresh odors. In addition, softened ginsengs exhibited lower hardness and pH, lower contents of diol-type ginsenosides, lower ratios of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids and higher contents of water-soluble pectins than normal ginseng while contents of moisture, crude protein, ether-soluble materials and crude ash of the softened ginsengs were similar to those of normal ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.704-710
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• 2012

This study was designed to investigate the effect of pulsed electric fields on the drying of ginseng and extraction of dried ginseng to reduce energy-consumption. Fresh ginseng was treated in a PEF system of 1 and 2 kV/cm electric field strength, 25 and 200 Hz of frequency, $30{\mu}s$ of pulse width and pulse number of 175. The samples were subsequently dried for 26 h at $55{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, and the characteristic of hot-water extraction on dried ginseng was investigated. The ginseng pretreated with an intensity of 2 kV/cm (200 Hz, n=175) resulted in a reduction of approximately 38% for drying time. The influence of PEF treatment on the water extraction of dried ginseng at $95{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ was also investigated. The application of an electric field intensity of 2 kV/cm (25 and 200 Hz, n=175) increased soluble solid content, significantly reducing sugar content and free sugar content of the extract compared to non-PEF-treated samples.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.78-89
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• 2020

Tomato fruit quality is determined by the contents of various functional metabolites in addition to fruit appearance. To develop tomato cultivars with higher amounts of functional compounds, an efficient quantification method is required to identify the natural variations in the compounds in the tomato germplasm. In this study, we investigated tomato varieties, which included 23 inbred lines and 12 commercial F₁ cultivars, for their contents of seven watersoluble vitamins (vitamin C, vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, and B9) and five polyphenolic compounds (quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, myricetin, and naringenin chalcone). The results of high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that vitamin C and naringenin chalcone were the major water-soluble vitamins and polyphenolic compounds, respectively, and their abundance was highly variable depending on the cultivar. By contrast, the contents of vitamin B1, quercetin, and kaempferol were lowest among the cultivars. With regard to the relationship between metabolic compounds and fruit characteristics, a significant association was found in fruit size, indicating that cherry tomato varieties contain higher amounts of the compounds compared to large fresh-type varieties. However, no direct association was detected in fruit color, except for naringenin chalcone. The results of this study provide new insights on the quantification of metabolic compounds and the selection of breeding materials, which are prerequisites for the development of functional tomato varieties.