• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.177-185
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• 2020

Objective: The study was conducted to establish a relationship between inclusion level of Vachellia tortilis (V. tortilis) leaf meal and time spent on different behavioral activities by finishing pigs. Methods: A total of forty-eight male Large White×Landrace finishing pigs with a mean (±standard deviation) body weight of 63.8±3.28 kg aged 14 wks were assigned to individual pens in a completely randomized design. Pigs were fed on diets containing 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 g/kg dry matter of V. tortilis leaf meal ad libitum with fresh water provided throughout the trial. There were eight pigs in each experimental diet. The behavior of pigs was observed for three wks twice a wk from 0600 to 1800 h using six closed circuit television cameras. Results: Increasing levels of V. tortilis leaf meal caused a linear decrease (p<0.05) in time spent eating, lying down and the number of visit to the feeder. Time spent standing and biting objects increased linearly (p<0.05) with increasing inclusion level of V. tortilis leaf meal. The was a negative linear relationship (p<0.05) between condensed tannins versus time spent eating, lying down and number of feeder visits. Condensed tannins showed a positive linear relationship (p<0.05) with time spent standing and biting objects. Neutral detergent fiber caused a linear decrease (p<0.05) in number of feeder visits, time spent eating, time spent standing. Conclusion: Inclusion level of V. tortilis leaf meal reduces time spent eating, lying down and the number of feeder visit while prolonging time spent standing and biting of objects. Condensed tannins and dietary fiber are among nutritional factors affecting behavioral activities displayed by finishing pigs.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.232-238
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• 2014

We have developed a non-destructive, touch-free method for estimating leaf areas with a structured-light three-dimensional (3D) scanner. When the surfaces of soybean leaves were analyzed with both the 3D scanner and a leaf area meter, the results were linearly related ($R^2=0.90$). The strong correlation ($R^2=0.98$) was calculated between shoot fresh weights and leaf areas when the scanner was employed during growth stages V1 to V4. We also found that leaf areas measured by the scanner could be used to detect changes in growth responses to abiotic stress. Whereas under control conditions the areas increased over time, salt and drought treatments were associated with reductions in those values after 14 d and 12 d, respectively. Based on our findings, we propose that a structured-light 3D scanner can be used to obtain reliable estimates of leaf area and plant biomass.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 1998

Arisaema robustum, which has the ability to change sex, was studied in a temperate broadleaf forest of Sanseong-ri, Joongbu-myeon, Gwangju-gun, Kyonggi Province, Korea. \ulcornerThe study, carried out from 1993 to 1997, focused on population dynamics energy budget among organs, size distribution, mortality, the relationships between sex and size, seed production and germination rate. In terms of energy budget among the organs, the ratio of aboveground to belowground biomass was 36.6 : 63.4 in non-female plants, and 81.4 : 18.6 in female plants. Also, in female plants, the ration of leaf to sexual organ biomass was 39.5 : 41.9. Therefore, the belowground ratio of female plants was lower than that of non-female plants. Plants were classified into 8 levels relative to the amount of leaf area by $100cm^2$. The rates of the smallest and the largest classes were 49% and 1%, respectively, and population distribution by size was relatively stable. The mortality averaged 13.1% per year and decreased in inverse proportion to leaf size (6.6% in the smallest and 0.0% in the largest size classes). Leaf areas were $64.1{\pm}48.5cm^2$ in non-flowering plants, $232.1{\pm}123.9cm^2$ in males and $444.8{\pm}153.9cm^2$ in females. The increase rates of leaf area per year varied from 1.9% in plants changing from female tomale, to 152.4% in plants changing from non-flowering to female. But plants which remained female for 2 years showed a decrease of 34.7%. >From this result, it is thought that the female plants invest more energy to reproduction than to vegetative organs. The correlation coefficient (CC) value between plant size and the number of seeds produced (0.55) was larger than the CC value between plant size and total seed weight (0.73). That is, the larger the plant size, the heavier the seed produced. The germination rate increased along with seed weight, and it was 95% in plants which were over 60mg fresh weight/seed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 1998

This experiment was carried out to investigate effects of herbicide application method on Abutilon avicennae control and corn yield at the forage experimental field, grassland and forage crop division, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon from 1996 to 1997. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replication. The herbicide application consisted of control, 2-3 leaf stage(Dicamba), 5-6 leaf stage (Dicamba) and soil treatment(Pendimetha1in). The hybrid of corn used in this experiment was P 3352. The results obtained are summarized as follow; 1. The plant and ear height was the lowest at control. Tasseling and silking date were delayed 3-4 day at control. The length and weight of ear were the highest at Dicamba treatment in 2-3 leaf stage. 2. The herbicide injury of corn was detected slightly after 10-20 day but the injury was recovered soon. The weed control efficiency was 96.7 and 81.8% at Dicamba treatment in 2-3 and 5-6 leaf stage, respectively. 3. The fresh and dry matter yield of Dicamba treatment in 2-3 leaf stage was higher than that of control by 36%, but no significant difference was found among herbicide application method. 4. Herbicide application method had little effect on the ADF, NDF and CP contents, but the CP and IVDMD of ear were higher than that of stover. The results of this experiment indicate that the application of Dicarnba in 2-6 leaf stage of corn will remove almost all of A butilon avicennae and increase DM yield of corn.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1996

The physical properties of mulberry leaf noodle were compared with 3 level of rates(5, 10, and 20%) of mulberry leaf powder to wheat flour and 6 times of leaf picking seasons. The contents of rutin, ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and inorganic compounds in mulberry leaf were analyzed with seasons and pretreatment of mulberry leaf. Dry matter content of mulberry leaf powder was about 20%. The leaf powder passed through 100 mesh sieve was 6% from fresh leaf weight. Through the taste test, 10% mulberry powder rate to flour was the best. Rutin content decreased with season, 319mg/100g DW on May 13, but 111mg/100g DW on May 26 and 43mg/100g DW on June 9. Rutin in dry leaf lost 37% by steaming and 83% by in boiling water. CAGA content on leaf decreased with season, 27.7mg/100g FW on May 13 and about 60% of on June 9.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.189-193
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• 1998

Volatile components were extracted from leaves of two Boxthorn (Lycium chinense M.) cultivars by using simultaneous distillation and extraction, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Seventy components were identified : 13 acids, 15 alcohols, 18 hydrocarbons, 13 carbonyls, three esters, three ionones, and five others. The principal volatile components (and their peak area percentage) were n-pentanol (11.2～30.2%), phytol (14.5～28.3%), hexadecanoic acid (13.5～17.1%) 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (1.5～4.2%), benzyl alcohol (1.9-4.8%), phenylacetaldehyde (1.8～3.2%), and octadecadienoic acid (1.7～10.7%). Fresh leaves showed much higher peak area than that of dried leaf in n-pentanol, n-hexanol, cis-2-penten-l-ol, cis-3-hexen-l-ol, benzyl alcohol, and $\beta$-phenylethyl alcohol, while dried leaves showed much higher content than that of fresh leaves in 9-hydroxytheaspran A, octadecanoic acid and octadecadienic acid.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 1999

The effectiveness of many greenhouse environment control methodologies depends on the growth information of crops. Acquisition of the growth information of crops requires a non-invasive and continuous monitoring method. Crop growth monitoring system using digital imaging technique was developed to conduct non-destructive and intact plant growth analyses. The monitoring system automatically measures crop growth information sends an appropriate control signal to the nutrient solution supplying system. To develop the monitoring system, a linear model that explains the relationship between the fresh weight and the top projected leaf area of a lettuce plant was developed from an experiment. The monitoring system was evaluated buy successive lettuce growing experiments. Results of the experiments showed that the developed system could estimate the fresh weight of lettuce from a lettuce image by using the linear model and generate an EC control signal according to the lettuce growth stage.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.359-365
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• 1996

In order to product the saikosaponin which is one of the secondary product from Bupleurum falcatum efficiently through the tissue culture, several levels of agar and gellan gum as the gelling agent, 2,4-D as the growth regulator, and L-phenylalanine as the precursor were used with single or combination treatment on MS basal medium. Gellan gum was more effective than agar as the gelling agent in fresh and dry weight increase of callus induced from Bupleurum falcatum leaf segment. Gellan gum medium supplemented with L-phenylalanine produced 1.6 times of fresh weight more than that of agar. The fresh weight was remarkably high in gellan gum when the calli was treated with the combination of 2,4-D and L-phenylalanine similar to the single treatment of 2,4-D or L-phenylalanine. However, the saikosaponin content in callus was high in gellan gum with the single treatment of L-phenylalanine. Especially, the saikosaponin content in gellan gum supplemented with 1.0mg/L L-phenylalanine was 2 times(2.4 mg/g) higher than that in agar medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D(0.9 mg/g).

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.768-776
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• 2010

This study was conducted to predict number and fresh weight of leaves, and total leaf area of a single-stemmed rose 'Vital' based on the accumulated thermal units, and to develop a model of shoot development for the prediction of the time when the flowering shoot reaches a phenological stage in a plant factory system. The base temperature ($T_b$), optimum temperature ($T_{opt}$), and maximum temperature ($T_{max}$) were estimated by regressing the rate of shoot development against the temperature gradient. The rate of shoot development ($R$, $d^{-1}$) for the phase from cutting to bud break (CT-BB) was best described by a linear model $R_b$ ($d^{-1}$) = -0.0089 + $0.0016{\cdot}temp$. The rate of shoot development for the phase from bud break to harvest (BB-HV) was fitted to the parabolic model $R_h$ ($d^{-1}$) = $-0.0001{\cdot}temp^2$ + $0.0054{\cdot}temp$ - 0.0484. The $T_b$, $T_{opt}$, and $T_{max}$ values were 5.56, 27.0, and $42.7^{\circ}C$, respectively. The $T_b$ value was used in the thermal unit computations for the shoot development. Number of leaves, leaf area (LA), and leaf fresh weight showed sigmoidal curves regardless of the cut time. The shoot development and leaf area model was described as a sigmoidal function using thermal units. Leaf area was described as LA = 578.7 $[1+(thermal units/956.1)^{-8.54}]^{-1}$. Estimated and observed shoot length and leaf fresh weight showed a reasonably good fit with 1.060 ($R^2=0.976^{***}$) and 1.043 ($R^2=0.955^{***}$), respectively. The average thermal units required from cutting to transplant and from transplant to harvest stages were $426{\pm}42^{\circ}C{\cdot}d$ and $783{\pm}24^{\circ}C{\cdot}d$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.56-63
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• 2004

This study was carried out to find out the effect of by-product gypsum(phosphogypsum, PG) application on enhancement of turf quality. For the first experiment, 10 ton $ha^{-1}$ PG was applied to 1m${\times}$10m (width${\times}$length) Plots with 4 replicates on a sloping area of fairway where turf(Zoysia japonica L.) was grown. Both top- and sub-soil samples were collected before and after treatment and were analyzed for pH, EC(e1ectrica1 conductivity), Ca and Mg contents. At the same time when soil samples were collected, specific color difference sensor value(SCDSV) that represented chlorophyll contents, fresh and dry weight of the turf were determined to find out the effect of PG treatment on turf growth. SCDSV of turf from PG treated plots measured at 98 and 147 days after treatment were significantly higher than those from control. Considering higher fresh and dry weight of leaf per unit area from PG treated plots than that from control, it was concluded that the elevated Ca and S level of the PG treated plots resulted in vigorous leaf growth of turf. For the second experiment 2, 5 and 10 ton $ha^{-1}$ PG were applied to 1m${\times}$10m(width${\times}$length) Plots with 3 replicates at a closer location as was used for the first experiment to find out the appropriate PG application rate. Before and after treatment soil and plant samples were collected and were analyzed by the same way as the first experiment. The pH of all the soil samples collected from PG treated plots at 38 days after treatment was lower than that from control. This trend changed as time passed. However, the pH of the soil from 10 ton $ha^{-1}$ PG treated plot was lower than that from control during the whole period of the second experiment. SCDSV, fresh and dry weight of leaf from PG treated plots at all 3 rates were higher than those from control for the second experiment. PG application to turf will be beneficial for both mass consumption of by-product gypsum and enhancement of turf quality.