• 한국전자현미경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국현미경학회 1999년도 제30차 추계학술대회
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• pp.36-37
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• 1999

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.61-70
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the exposure risk to tattoo components by analyzing skin absorption using the in vitro method. Tattoos are commonly used for cosmetic purposes, and the skin of not only the operator but of the people who are undergoing the cosmetic procedure is continuously exposed to hazardous chemicals. Methods: Skin permeation risk determination was conducted by the in vitro Franz diffusion cell method according to the ingredient types of tattoo dyes, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), non-volatile organic compounds and heavy metals, using hairless mouse full skin and human cadaver epidermis. Results: The major components with good skin penetration for each type of tattoo dye ingredient were clarified. Among the tatto dye ingredients, 1,2-Dichlorobenzene, Zn, Al, Pb and Ti showed good skin penetration. Most of the skin transmission rates were higher in hairless mouse full skin than in human cadaver epidermis. Conclusion: A possible exposure risk to hazardous substances in tattoo dyes was confirmed from this study. These results are expected to provide a positive contribution to the establishment of management regulations for tattoo dyes.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제31권11호
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• pp.1004-1009
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• 2021

참당귀는 여러가지 약리효과를 가지며 한약재로 많이 사용된다. 특히, 참당귀 추출물 중 데커신 및 데커시놀 안젤레이트는 의약품 및 화장품 원료로써 사용될 수 있다. 이번 연구의 목적은 참당귀 추출물을 이용하여 제조된 제형의 국소 전달 가능성을 조사하는 것이다. 국소 전달 로션 제형은 유상으로 테포오즈 및 파라핀을 사용하였고 계면활성제 또는 용해보조제로써 데커신 및 데커시놀 안젤레이트에 높은 용해(0.82 mg/ml)를 가졌던 콜리포어를 사용하고 수상으로 카보머를 사용하였다. 제조된 로션을 프란츠셀에서 Strat-M^® 멤브레인을 이용하여 피부투과도를 측정하였다. 로션 제형의 데커신 및 데커시놀 안젤레이트의 24시간 투과도는 (248.08±19.72 ug/cm²)로 대조군 (119.18±19.23 ug/cm²) 보다 증가함을 확인하였다. 피부투과속도 Flux (ug/hr/cm²)와 침투 속도 Kp (cm/hr)값에서는 시험군은 17.20±1.23 ug/hr/cm²와 5.73±1.39 cm/hr^*10^-3로 대조군의 8.22±1.24 ug/hr/cm²과 2.74±0.51 cm/hr^*10^-3보다 약 2배 정도 증가함을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 제조된 로션 제형은 국소 적용 의약품 또는 화장품 제품으로의 가능성을 확인하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.264-270
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• 2012

Many oral and maxillofacial bone defects are not self-healing. Guided bone regeneration (GBR), which uses a barrier membrane to prevent the soft tissues from invading the defect to enable slower-growing bone cells to penetrate the area, was developed as a therapy in the 1980s. Although there has been some success with GBR in some clinical situations, better treatments are needed. This review discusses the concept of GBR focusing on bioactive membranes that incorporate osteoconductive materials, growth factors and cells for improved oral and maxillofacial bone regeneration.

• BMB Reports
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.106-112
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• 2009

The bio-complex "reaction pattern in vertebrate cells"(RiV) is mainly represented by characteristic exosome-like particles - probably as reaction products of cells to specific stress. The transcription factor NF-kappaB plays a central role in inflammation. We tested the hypothesis that RiV particle preparations (RiV-PP) reduce cellular adhesion molecule (CAM) expression (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin) by the attenuation of NF-kappaB translocation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). After 4 hours, pre-incubation of HUVEC with RiV-PP before stimulation with TNF-alpha significantly reduced ICAM-1 (65.5${\pm}$10.3%) and VCAM-1 (71.1${\pm}$12.3%) mRNA expression compared to TNF-alpha-treated cells (100%, n=7). ICAM-1 surface expression was significantly albeit marginally reduced in RiV/TNF-alpha- treated cells (92.0${\pm}$5.6%, n=4). No significant effect was observed on VCAM-1 surface expression. In RiV/TNF-alpha-treated cells (n=4), NF-kappaB subunits p50 (85.7${\pm}$4.1%) and p65 (85.0${\pm}$1.8%) nuclear translocation was significantly reduced. RiV-PP may exert an anti-inflammatory effect in HUVEC by reducing CAM mRNA expression via attenuation of p50 and p65 translocation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2009

In an effort to improve ginsenoside bioavailability, the ginsenosides of fermented red ginseng were examined with respect to bioavailability and physiological activity. The results showed that the fermented red ginseng (FRG) had a high level of ginsenoside metabolites. The total ginsenoside contents in non-fermented red ginseng (NFRG) and FRG were 35715.2 ${\mu}g$/mL and 34822.9 ${\mu}g$/mL, respectively. However, RFG had a higher content (14914.3 ${\mu}g$/mL) of ginsenoside metabolites (Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, CK, Rh1, F2, and Rg2) compared to NFRG (5697.9 ${\mu}g$/mL). The skin permeability of RFG was higher than that of NFRG using Franz diffusion cells. Particularly, after 5 hr, the skin permeability of RFG was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of NFRG. Using everted instestinal sacs of rats, RFG showed a high transport level (10.3 mg of polyphenols/g sac) compared to NFRG (6.67 of mg of polyphenols/g sac) after 1 hr. After oral administration of NFRG and FRG to rats, serum concentrations were determined by HPLC. Peak concentrations of Rk1, Rh1, Rc, and Rg5 were approximately 1.64, 2.35, 1.13, and 1.25-fold higher, respectively, for FRG than for NFRG. Furthermore, Rk1, Rh1, and Rg5 increased more rapidly in the blood by the oral administration of FRG versus NFRG. FRG had dramatically improved bioavailability compared to NFRG as indicated by skin permeation, intestinal permeability, and ginsenoside levels in the blood. The significantly greater bioavailability of FRG may have been due to the transformation of its ginsenosides by fermentation to more easily absorbable forms (ginsenoside metabolites).

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.360-368
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• 2013

Objectives: Phthalates are used in a large variety of products including as coatings of pharmaceutical tablets, film formers, stabilizers, dispersants, emulsifying agents, and suspending agents. They have been the subject of great public concern in recent years. The extensive uses of this material have attracted attention and issues regarding its safety have been raised. Methods: In this study, three types of phthalate skin permeation were studied using matrixes such as ointments, creams and lotions in vitro. The absorption of phthalate diesters [Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), Di-n-propyl phthalate (DPP) and Di-n-pentyl phthalate (DNPP)] using film former has been measured in vitro through rat skin. Epidermal membranes were set up in Franz diffusion cells and their permeability to PBS measured in order to establish the integrity of the skin before the phthalates were applied to the epidermal surface. Results: Absorption rates for each phthalate ester were determined and permeability assessment made to quantify any irreversible alterations in barrier function due to contact with the esters. Types of phthalate in vitro experimental results quickly appeared in the following order DMP > DPP ${\geq}$ DNPP. Conclusions: In the experimental results, lotion> cream> ointment, and the permeation rate of lotion with a great amount of moisture was the fastest. Skin permeation rate is generally influenced by the chemical characteristics of a given chemical, such as molecular weight and lipophilicity. As the esters became more lipophilic and less hydrophilic, the rate of absorption decreased.

• 공업화학
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.222-227
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 마디풀 추출물의 에틸아세테이트 분획을 함유한 안정한 나노에멀젼을 제조하였고, 이 나노에멀젼의 피부 흡수 증진 효과를 평가하였다. 나노에멀젼은 균질기(homogenizer) 처리 후 고압유화기(microfluidizer)를 이용한 고에너지법으로 제조하였다. 마디풀 추출물의 에틸아세테이트 분획을 함유한 나노에멀젼의 입자 크기와 포집효율을 측정하였다. 평균 입자 크기는 238 nm이었으며 포집 효율은 98% 이상으로 나타났다. 나노에멀젼은 단분산의 입도 분포를 나타냈으며 고압 유화 과정을 거치지 않은 일반 에멀젼보다도 더 안정함을 보여주었다. Franz diffusion cell을 이용하여 마디풀 추출물의 에틸아세테이트 분획을 함유한 나노에멀젼의 피부 투과 실험을 수행하였다. 에틸아세테이트 분획 함유 나노에멀젼은 대조군인 1,3-butylene glycol 용액에서 보다 피부 흡수 및 투과량이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구 결과들은 항산화 및 항노화 활성이 큰 마디풀 추출물의 에틸아세테이트 분획을 함유한 나노에멀젼이 안정성 및 피부 투과력이 우수함을 시사한다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.365-368
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• 2007

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the enhancement effect of low-frequency ultrasound on skin permeation. In vitro permeation experiments were performed using Franz modified diffusion cells with ketoprofen as model drug. The effect of various ultrasound factors-ultrasound application mode (continuous mode and discontinuous mode), ultrasound intensity (0.26 $W/cm^2$, and 0.29 $W/cm^2$) and duty cycle (3%, 16%, 50%, and 83%) were studied. The highest permeation was observed at 0.29 $W/cm^2$ intensity, 50% duty cycle, and discontinuous mode. The result suggested the feasibility of low frequency ultrasound application for the phonophoretic transdermal drug delivery system.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2017

Implementation of crop improvement programs relies on genetic diversity. To overcome the limited occurrence of natural mutations, researchers and breeders applied diverse methods, ranging from conventional crossing to classical bio-technologies. Earlier generations of knockout and gain-of-function technologies often result in incomplete gene disruption or random insertions of transgenes into plant genomes. The newly developed editing tool, CRISPR/Cas9 system, not only provides a powerful platform to efficiently modify target traits, but also broadens the scope and prospects of genome editing. Customized Cas9/guide RNA (gRNA) systems suitable for efficient genomic modification of mammalian cells or plants have been reported. Following successful demonstration of this technology in mammalian cells, CRISPR/Cas9 was successfully adapted in plants, and accumulating evidence of its feasibility has been reported in model plants and major crops. Recently, a modified version of CRISPR/Cas9 with added novel functions has been developed that enables programmable direct irreversible conversion of a target DNA base. In this review, we summarized the milestone applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in plants with a focus on major crops. We also present the implications of an improved version of this technology in the current plant breeding programs.