• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 2000

In order to obtain the data for extreme food intake by Koream adults, the data of adult dietary survey undertaken in 1995 were used through statistical treatment, taking into account of dietary habits. Various food commodities amounting to 159 items were classified into 14 food groups and fractiles of 90th and 95th percentile of individual food items were computed on the assumption that the food consumption pattern exhibits a normal distribution. Most of the food items showed the ratio of fractiles to mean intake in the range of 2.0∼3.0 while the ratio greatly deviated from these values in items such as seasonings, spices, nuts, seeds and favorite beverages as well as most commonly-eaten or rarely-eaten foods.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.153-165
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• 2008

This paper discusses the reliability equivalences of a series-parallel system. The system components are assumed to be independent and identical. The failure rates of the system components are functions of time and follow Weibull distribution. Three different methods are used to improve the given system reliability. The reliability equivalence factor is obtained using the reliability function. The fractiles of the original and improved systems are also obtained. Numerical example is presented to interpret how to utilize the obtained results.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.43-57
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• 2009

In this article, we study the reliability equivalence factor of a series system. The failure rates of the system components are functions of time t. we study two cases of non-constat failure rates (i) weibull distribution (ii) linear increasing failure rate distribution. There are two methods are used to improve the given system. Two types of reliability equivalence factors are discussed. Numerical examples are presented to interpret how one can utilize the obtained results.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.111-125
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• 2006

This paper introduces different vectors of the reliability equivalence factors of a series system consists of n independent and nonidentical components. The failure rates of the system components are assumed to be constant. The reliability function and mean time to failure are used as performances to derive the reliability equivalences of the system. The results presented here generalize those available in the literatures. Numerical study is given to explain how one can utilize the theoretical results obtained.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.17-32
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• 2009

The aim of this work is to generalize reliability equivalence technique to apply it to a system consists of n independent and non-identical components connected in series system, that have mixing constant failure rates. We shall improve the system by using some reliability techniques: (i) reducing some failure rates; (ii) add hot reduncy components; (iii) add cold reduncy components; (iv) add cold reduncy components with imperfect switches. We start by establishing two different types of reliability equivalence factors, the survival equivalence (SRE), and mean reliability equivalence (MRE) factors. Also, we introduced some numerical results.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.121-135
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• 2016

In this paper, we study a system of five components. One of them is a bridge network component. Each of these components is identical and has a failure rate as a function of time. The system components have non-constant failure rates. The given system is improved by using the reduction, hot duplication, and cold duplication methods. We derive the equivalence factors of the bridge structure system to be as another system improved according to these different methods. The ${\beta}-fractiles$ are obtained to compare the original system with these improved systems. Finally, we present numerical results to show the difference between these methods.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.165-175
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• 2019

Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), as an accurate method to evaluate the parameters of structural performance levels, requires many non-linear time history analyses, using a set of ground motion records which are scaled to different intensity levels. Therefore, this method is very computationally demanding. In this study, a new method is presented to estimate the summarized (16%, 50%, and 84% fractiles) IDA curves of a first-mode dominated structure using discrete wavelet transform and bees optimization algorithm. This method reduces the number of required ground motion records for the prediction of the summarized IDA curves. At first, a subset of first list ground motion records is decomposed by means of discrete wavelet transform which have a low dispersion estimating the summarized IDA curves of equivalent SDOF system of the main structure. Then, the bees algorithm optimizes a series of factors for each level of detail coefficients in discrete wavelet transform. The applied factors change the frequency content of original ground motion records which the generated ground motions records can be utilized to reliably estimate the summarized IDA curves of the main structure. At the end, to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed method, the seismic behavior of a typical 3-story special steel moment frame, subjected to a set of twenty ground motion records is compared with this method.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.68 no.6
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• pp.647-660
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• 2018

The Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) procedure is currently known as a robust tool for estimation of seismic collapse capacity. However, the procedure is time-consuming and requires significant computational efforts. Recently some simplified methods have been developed for rapid estimation of seismic collapse capacity using pushover analysis. However, a comparative review and assessment of these methods is necessary to point out their relative advantages and shortcomings, and to pave the way for their practical use. In this paper, four simplified pushover analysis-based methods are selected and applied on four regular RC intermediate moment-resisting frames with 3, 6, 9 and 12 stories. The accuracy and performance of the different simplified methods in estimating the median seismic collapse capacity are evaluated through comparisons with the results obtained from IDAs. The results show that reliable estimations of the summarized 50% fractile IDA curve are produced using SPO2IDA and MPA-based IDA methods; however, the accuracy of the results for 16% and 84% fractiles is relatively low. The method proposed by Shafei et al. appears to be the most simple and straightforward method which gives rise to good estimates of the median sidesway collapse capacity with minimum computational efforts.