• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제12권11호
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• pp.74-81
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• 1995

Several non-manifold data structures have been compared, which are radial-edge data structure, partial-face data structure, vertex-based data structure, and Yamaguchi's data structrue. All the entities in the data structures are classified into common entities and special entities. The entities are also classified as model entities, primitive entities bounding entities, and coupling entities. The four data structures for nonmanifold solid modelers are compared in terms of accessing efficiency, storage requirements, and inclusion of circulation. The results of comparison will serve as the basis to develope a nonmanifold modeler.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2021

Exhaust manifold is a very important component that is directly connected to air environment pollution and that requires strict mechanical properties such as high temperature fatigue and oxidation. Among stainless steels, the ferritic stainless steel with body-centered cubic structure shows excellent resistance of stress-corrosion cracking, ferromagnetic at room temperature, very excellent cold workability and may not be enhanced by heat treatment. The microstructural characteristics of four cast ferritic stainless steels which are high heat-resistant materials, were analyzed. By comparing and evaluating the mechanical properties at room temperature and high temperature in a range of 400℃~800℃, a database was established to control and predict the required properties and the mechanical properties of the final product. The precipitates of cast ferritic stainless steels were analyzed and the high-temperature deformation characteristics were evaluated by comparative analysis of hardness and tensile characteristics of four steels at room temperature and from 400℃ to 800℃.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.575-581
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• 2007

As current and future automobile emission regulations become more stringent, the research on flow distribution for an exhaust manifold and close-coupled catalyst(CCC) has become an interesting and remarkable subjects. The design of a CCC and exhaust manifold is a formidable task due to the complexity of the flow distribution caused by the pulsating flows from piston motion and engine combustion. Transient flow at the exhaust manifold can be analyzed with various computational fluid dynamics(CFD) tools. However, the results of such simulations must be verified with appropriate experimental data from real engine operating condition. In this study, an experimental approach was performed to investigate the flow distribution of exhaust gases for conventional cast types and stainless steel bending types of a four-cylinder engine. The pressure distribution of each exhaust sub-component was measured using a simulated dynamic flow bench and five-hole pitot probe. Moreover, using the results of the pitot tube measurement at the exit of the CCC, the flow distribution for two types of manifolds(cast type and bending type) was compared in terms of flow uniformity. Based on these experimental techniques, this study can be highly applicable to the design and optimization of exhaust for the better use of catalytic converters to meet the PZEV emission regulation.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.1069-1099
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• 1996

Let X be a smooth, simply connected and oriented closed fourmanifold such that the dimension $b_{2}^{+}(X)$ of a maximal positive subspace for the intersection form is greater than or equal to 3.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.473-483
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• 2014

ROC 곡선과 ROC 곡면을 확장한 4차원 이상의 공간에서의 ROC 다면체는 시각적인 표현이 어렵기 때문에 활용하기 어려우나, ROC 다면체 아래 공간을 측정하는 HUM 통계량에 대하여는 AUC와 VUS 통계량을 기반으로 정의가 가능하고 값을 구할 수 있으므로 본 연구는 네 가지 범주의 분류모형의 판별력을 측정하는 확률을 정의하고 연구한다. 그리고 Basel II를 기반한 부도확률에 대한 AUC의 판별력 판단기준을 제안한 연구를 확장하여, 네 범주 분류모형의 판별력을 측정하는 HUM 통계량에 관한 판단기준을 13단계로 구분하여 제안하고 활용하는 방법을 설명한다. 다양한 분포함수에 대하여 얻은 HUM 값을 바탕으로 제안한 판단기준을 탐색하기 위하여 삼원구획그림을 활용하여 판단기준을 설명한다.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.275-283
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• 2014

건축용 접착제로 활용되고 있는 부틸고무는 주로 시트의 형태로 사용된다. 본 연구에서는 컴퓨터 해석을 통해 부틸고무 시트 압출용 다이를 설계하였다. 압출용 다이의 내부는 크게 매니폴드와 랜드로 나뉜다. 매니폴드는 다이중앙에서 유입되는 재료가 폭 방향으로 흐름이 이루어 지도록 하는 역할을 한다. 랜드는 재료가 흐름 방향으로 균일하게 흐르게 하여 균일한 두께의 시트가 성형되도록 한다. 다이는 매니폴드와 랜드 외에도 아일랜드를 설치하여 흐름의 안정을 주도록 하는 경우가 많다. 본 연구에서는 컴퓨터 해석을 통하여 다이에서 매니폴드의 각도와 길이, 랜드 길이 그리고 아일랜드를 설계 변수로 하여 다이 출구에서 다이 폭 방향으로 균일한 흐름이 형성되도록 하는 최적의 다이형상을 연구하였다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.377-386
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• 2003

In order to develop a confident sampling technique, we designed and constructed a 6-port manifold MFC sampling system for collecting gaseous pollutants in air. Using this instrumentation, we tested the performance criteria of MFC system in terms of: (1) flow rate; (2) MFC-to-MFC variability; (3) tube-to-tube variability; and (4) time. It was interesting to find that the later two factors did not show any significant variations, while the former two show substantially large variations. However, as most of those variabilities are consistent enough to form systematic patterns, we were able to explain the occurrence patterns of all those MFC biases in terms of those four major variables. The overall results of our experiment suggest that one needs to use correction factor for each MFC unit under a given flow rate to maintain optimal accuracy and precision for sampling of those pollutants.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.223-232
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• 2015

The area under the ROC curve (AUC), the volume under the ROC surface (VUS) and the hypervolume under the ROC manifold (HUM) are defined and interpreted with probability that measures the discriminant power of classification models. AUC, VUS and HUM are expressed with the summation and integration notations for discrete and continuous random variables, respectively. AUC for discrete two random samples is represented as the nonparametric Mann-Whitney statistic. In this work, we define conditional Mann-Whitney statistics to compare more than two discrete random samples as well as propose that VUS and HUM are represented as functions of the conditional Mann-Whitney statistics. Three and four discrete random samples with some tie values are generated. Values of VUS and HUM are obtained using the proposed statistic. The values of VUS and HUM are identical with those obtained by definition; therefore, both VUS and HUM could be represented with conditional Mann-Whitney statistics proposed in this paper.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.1087-1094
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• 2016

On a compact n-dimensional manifold M, it has been conjectured that a critical point of the total scalar curvature, restricted to the space of metrics with constant scalar curvature of unit volume, is Einstein. In this paper, after derivng an interesting curvature identity, we show that the conjecture is true in dimension three and four when g is weakly Einstein. In higher dimensional case $n{\geq}5$, we also show that the conjecture is true under an additional Ricci curvature bound. Moreover, we prove that the manifold is isometric to a standard n-sphere when it is n-dimensional weakly Einstein and the kernel of the linearized scalar curvature operator is nontrivial.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.286-293
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• 2004

The air fuel ratios of current gasoline engines are almost controlled by several air flow meters. When CVVT (Continuous Variable Valve Timing) is applied to a gasoline engine for higher engine performance, the MAP (Manifold Absolute Pressure) sensor is difficult to follow the instantaneous air fuel ratio due to the valve timing effect. Therefore, a HFM (Hot Film Flow Meter) is widely used for measuring intake air flow in this case. However, the HFMs are incapable of indicating to reverse flow, the oscillation of intake air flow has an negative effect on the precision of the HFM. Consequently, the various duct configurations in front of the air flow sensor affect the precision of HFM sensitivity. This paper mainly focused on the analysis of the reverse flow, flow fluctuation in throttle upstream and the geometry of intake system which influence the HFM measurement.