• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
• /
• v.48 no.2
• /
• pp.61-67
• /
• 2016

This study was carried out in order to investigate the effect of pigment properties in a pre-coating layer on the characteristics of a top-coating layer and the print mottle of the coated paper. Five different pigments were applied for this study as raw materials for the pre-coating layer. The properties and print mottle of the coated paper samples were evaluated according to the coating color formulation. Type of pigments appliied in a pre-coating layer was one of the most important factor to control the properties of pre and top coating layer. Surface properties of pre and top coated paper were improved by blending GCC which had smaller particle size, with clay. Properties of a top-coating layer was affected by the pigment properties used in the pre-coating layer. It was found that print mottle of coated paper can be improved by replacing part of GCC with smaller particle size GCC or clay in pre-coating layer.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.437-443
• /
• 2003

Bioremediation technologies were applied to experimental microcosms, simulating an oil spill in a lower intertidal area. Three treatments (oil only, oil plus nutrients, and oil plus nutrients and microbial inocula) were applied, and each microcosm was repeatedly filled and eluted with seawater every 12 h to simulate tidal cycles. To minimize washing-out of the inoculum by the tidal cycles, microbial cells were primarily immobilized on diatomaceous earth before they were applied to the oiled sand. Oil degradation was monitored by gravimetric measurements, thin layer chromatography/flame ionization detector (TLC/FID) analysis, and gas chromatography (GC) analysis, and the loss of oil content was normalized to sand mass or nor-hopane. When the data were normalized to sand mass, no consistent differences were detected between nutrient-amended and nutrient/inoculum-amended microcosms, although both differed from the oil-only microcosm in respect of oil removal rate by a factor of 4 to 14. However, the data relative to nor-hopane showed a significant treatment difference between the nutrient-amended and nutrient/inoculum-treated microcosms, especially in the early phase of the treatment. The accelerating effect of inoculum treatment has hardly been reported in studies of oil bioremediation in the Tower intertidal area. The inoculum immobilized on diatomaceous earth seemed to be a very effective formulation for retaining microbial cells in association with the sand. Results of this study also suggest that interpretation of the effectiveness of bioremediation could be dependent on the selection of monitoring methods, and consequently the application of various analytical methods in combination could be a solution to overcome the limitations of oil bioremediation monitoring.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.1213-1232
• /
• 2016

This paper investigates the response of nonstructural components in the presence of nonlinear behavior of the primary structure considering the near-fault pulse-like ground motions. A database of 81 near-fault pulse-like ground motions is used to examine the effect of these ground motions on the response of nonstructural components. For comparison, a database of 573 non-pulse-like ground motions selected from the PEER database is also employed. The effects of peak ground velocity (PGV), maximum incremental velocity (MIV), primary structural degrading behavior and damping of nonstructural components are evaluated and discussed statistically. Results are presented in terms of amplification factor which quantifies the effect of inelastic deformations of the primary structure on subsystem responses. The results indicate that the near-fault pulse-like ground motions can significantly increase the amplification factors of nonstructural components with primary structural period and the magnitude of increase can reach 17%. The effect of PGV and MIV on amplification factors tends to increase with the increase of primary structural ductility. The near-fault pulse-like ground motions are more dangerous to components supported by structures with strength and stiffness degrading behavior than ordinary ground motions. A new simplified formulation is proposed for the application of amplification factors for design of nonstructural components for near-fault pulse-like ground motions.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.42 no.5
• /
• pp.476-480
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of extruded pellets (EP) containing different levels of protein (51%-55%) and lipid (9%-15%) for growth of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) comparing with raw fish-based moist pellet (MP). Two replicate groups of 40 fish per each tank (initial mean weight 106 g) were fed one of three experimental EP (EP1, EP2 and EP3) containing different protein and lipid levels, a commercial EP (EP4) and MP for 16 weeks. Survival was not significantly different among all groups. Final mean weight of fish fed MP was significantly lower than that of fish fed EP1, EP2 and EP4 (P<0.05), but not significantly different from fish fed EP3. Feed efficiency of MP-fed fish was significantly lower than fish fed all EP formulations (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed among the EP groups. Daily feed intake of MP-fed fish was significantly higher than fish fed all EP formulations (P<0.05). Condition factor was not significantly different among all groups. Whole body moisture and crude lipid contents were significantly affected by diet (P<0.05). Growth and feed efficiency of flounder was not affected by EP protein and lipid levels. Dietary formulation used in EP1, EP2 and EP3 can be applied to the practical feeding of flounder.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.861-876
• /
• 2015

Composite sections design consists on checking that the point defined by axial load and bending moment keeps included within the surface enclosed by the section interaction curve. Eurocode 4 suggests a method for tracing this diagram based on the plastic stress distribution method. However curves obtained according to this criterion overvalue concrete encased sections bearing capacity, especially when axial force comes with high bending moment values, so a correction factor is required. This article proposes a method for tracing this diagram based on the strain compatibility method. When stresses on the section are integrated by considering the Navier hypothesis, the use of the materials nonlinear constitutive equations provides curves much more adjusted to reality. This process requires the use of rather complex software which might reveal as too complex for practitioners. Preserving the same criteria of an elastic-plastic stress distribution, this article presents alternative expressions to obtain the failure internal forces in five significant points of the interaction diagram having considered five different positions of the neutral axis. These expressions are simply enough for their practical application. Concordance of curves traced strictly relying on these five points with those obtained by computer assisted stress integration considering the strain compatibility method and even with Eurocode 4 weighted curves will be presented for three different cross-sections and two different concrete strengths, revealing very good results.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.21-30
• /
• 1985

The purpose of this study is to determine values and value changes of the four year course nursing college students. The survey was conducted against 262 students of the nursing college, from all classes (freshman, sophomre, junior and senior). This study was conducted during the period of first through 15th of December 1984 in accordance with the L.V. Gordon's“Survey of Interpersonal Values (SIV)”. The results of the study were as follows: 1. Those nursing students surveyed show that conformity (16.32) took the highest place and reconition (10.21) lowest in the general value orientation. In accordance with the Cordon's SIV, those of other woman college students indicate 14%ile-65%ile, respectively. 2. Changes in values by class indicate that freshman, sohpomore and senior students showed similar Pattern but junior students showed significantly lower than other classes. The difference should be considered on the basis of statistics (p <.05). Accordingly, the hypho-thesis 1 of this study has been supported. 3. Significant variation has been shown by each class in each factor such as support, conformity, independence and benevolence but no variation has been indicated in leadership and recognition. 4. There was difference in values between higher class (jounior and senior) students with clinical experience and starting class (freshman and sophomore) students without clinical experience. The study indicates the values of higher class. students is lower than that of starting class. students (P <.05). Therefor, the hyphothesis 2 of this study has been supported. 5. There was no significant difference in values between entering students and graduating students (p<.05), Thus, the hyphothesis 3 of this study has been rejected. The results of the finding of the study show that there is no positive influence in forming the values. for the students. Therefore, it is concluded that new strategy and special educational program should be established for formulation of the right values for the nursing college students.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.32-39
• /
• 2012

This research focuses on finding the way of improving creativity in fire stations by scrutinizing the factors influencing and enhancing creativity in organizations. As environmental changes including the needs of citizens as well as the climate change are moving culminated today, fire stations should be changed appropriately to get the legitimacy of existence not to mention their own mission accomplishments. In this respect, the creativity can be expected as the main factor for fire stations' going concern. This research provided 5 hypotheses to find whether the chosen factors such as vision, learning/unlearning and positive feedback affect the creativity in fire stations. To prove hypotheses are valid, we employed survey as a method in which 155 firemen in Seoul responded, ending up with getting the result that the vision formulation and sharing, unlearning activities and positive feedback improve organizational creativity. In conclusion, this paper suggests that fire stations establish useful policies for the creativity based on these research findings.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.103-115
• /
• 2018

In this work, a simple but accurate hyperbolic plate theory for the free vibration analysis of functionally graded material (FGM) sandwich plates is developed. The significant feature of this formulation is that, in addition to including the shear deformation effect, it deals with only 3 unknowns as the classical plate theory (CPT), instead of 5 as in the well-known first shear deformation theory (FSDT) and higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT). A shear correction factor is, therefore, not required. Two common types of FGM sandwich plates are considered, namely, the sandwich with the FGM face sheet and the homogeneous core and the sandwich with the homogeneous face sheet and the FGM core. The equation of motion for the FGM sandwich plates is obtained based on Hamilton's principle. The closed form solutions are obtained by using the Navier technique. The fundamental frequencies are found by solving the eigenvalue problems. Numerical results of the present theory are compared with the CPT, FSDT, order shear deformation theories (HSDTs), and 3D solutions. Verification studies show that the proposed theory is not only accurate and simple in solving the free vibration behaviour of FGM sandwich plates, but also comparable with the higher-order shear deformation theories which contain more number of unknowns.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.257-271
• /
• 2018

In this paper, the effect of the homogenization models on buckling and free vibration is presented for simply supported functionally graded plates (FGM) resting on elastic foundation. The majority of investigations developed in the last decade, explored the Voigt homogenization model to predict the effective proprieties of functionally graded materials at the macroscopic-scale for FGM mechanical behavior. For this reason, various models have been used to derive the effective proprieties of FGMs and simulate thereby their effects on the buckling and free vibration of FGM plates based on comparative studies that may differ in terms of several parameters. The refined plate theory, as used in this paper, is based on dividing the transverse displacement into both bending and shear components. This leads to a reduction in the number of unknowns and governing equations. Furthermore the present formulation utilizes a sinusoidal variation of displacement field across the thickness, and satisfies the stress-free boundary conditions on the upper and lower surfaces of the plate without requiring any shear correction factor. Equations of motion are derived from Hamilton's principle. Analytical solutions for the buckling and free vibration analysis are obtained for simply supported plates. The obtained results are compared with those predicted by other plate theories. This study shows the sensitivity of the obtained results to different homogenization models and that the results generated may vary considerably from one theory to another. Comprehensive visualization of results is provided. The analysis is relevant to aerospace, nuclear, civil and other structures.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.395-398
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental medicinal herb mixture, laver powder and paprika powder in extruded pellet (EP) on growth and feed utilization of juvenile olive flounder. Triplicate groups of fish (average body weight of 19.6 g) were fed four experimental EPs containing 0.2% medicinal herb mixture (MHM), 1% laver powder (LP), 1% paprika powder (PP) and without supplementation (CON) for 9 weeks. Weight gain, daily feed intake, hepatosomatic index and condition factor were not influenced by dietary additives. Peed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of flounder fed the diet containing laver powder were significantly higher than those of fish fed the medicinal herb mixture and paprika powder (P<0.05), but not significantly different from control group. The results of this study suggest that all tested additives in the dietary formulation did not affect growth and feed utilization of olive flounder.