• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 1992

Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) harvested at an early growth stage was ensiled with 4% of molasses in a polyethylene bag silo which contained 15 kg of chopped forage each. Dry matter (DM) content of the silage was so low as 14.75%, although chemical quality of the silage was very high. Ratio of ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen was 6.59%, and the pH value of the silage was 3.79. Nutritive value of the silage was estimated using goats and compared to that of a timothy hay as a reference ration. Feeding level of each rations was adjusted to a level of nitrogen (N) recommendation. DM and N digestibilities of the silage were 65.0 and 54.5%, respectively, but those of the timothy hay were 37.6 and 37.2%. Feeding of the napier grass silage maintained body weight and kept positive N retention. Ammonia N concentration in the rumen fluid in goats fed the napier grass silage increased after feeding, but blood urea concentration was constant. Feeding of the timothy hay did not increase ammonia N concentration in the rumen fluid, but increased blood urea concentration. These facts indicated that the napier grass silage had enough digestible DM and N for maintenance ration to goats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1685-1690
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• 2006

Kenkatha cattle, a draft purpose breed, which can survive in a harsh environment on low quality forage, was explored genetically exploiting FAO-suggested microsatellite markers. The microsatellite genotypes were derived by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by electrophoretic separation in agarose gels. The PCR amplicons were visualized by silver staining. The allelic as well as genotypic frequencies, heterozygosities and gene diversity were estimated using standard techniques. A total of 125 alleles was distinguished by the 21 microsatellite markers investigated. All the microsatellites were highly polymorphic with mean allelic number of 5.95${\pm}$1.9 (ranging from 3-10 per locus). The observed heterozygosity in the population ranged between 0.250 and 0.826 with a mean of 0.540${\pm}$0.171, signifying considerable genetic variation. Bottleneck was examined assuming all three mutation models which showed that the population has not experienced bottleneck in recent past. The population displayed a heterozygote deficit of 21.4%. The study suggests that the breed needs to be conserved by providing purebred animals in the breeding tract.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.90-93
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• 2003

사초용 유채의 추파 재배에서는 경태, 주경엽수, 분지수, 분지엽수등의 수량 구성 형질과 생초수량은 휴폭 50cm $\times$ 주간 30cm의 점파구에서 가장 우수하였고 건물수량과 조 단백질함량, IVDMD, 가 소화 건물수량은 가장 밀식된 산파구에서 높았으며 NDF, ADF, Cellulose, Lignin등의 조섬유 함량은 식물체가 밀식된 상태에서 극히 세장한 관계로 가장 낮았다는 보고가 있었으나 (Ahn 등, 1989 ; Macforlane Smith 등, 1985) 우리나라 에서는 사초용 유채의 춘파 파종법(재식밀도)에 관한 시험연구는 아직 수행된바 없다. 따라서 본 시험에서는 사초용 유채의 재식밀도가 수량구성요소, 수량 그리고 영양가치에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 Volox 품종을 공시하여 춘파 파종량 시험을 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 초장을 제외한 경태, 주경엽수, 분지수, 분지엽수 등의 수량구성형질과 생초수량은 휴폭 50cm에 주간 30cm의 점파구에서 가장 우수하였다. 2. 건물수량과 조단백질 함량은 가장 밀식된 산파구에서 높았다. 3. IVDMD와 가소화 건물 수량은 산파구에서 가장 높았다. 4. NDF, ADF, Cellulose, Lignin 등의 조섬유 함량은 식물체가 밀식된 상태에서 극히 세장한 관계로 산파구에서 가장 낮았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.804-810
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium diacetate (SDA) on fermentation profile, chemical composition and aerobic stability of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silage. Methods: Fresh alfalfa was ensiled with various concentrations of SDA (0, 3, 5, 7, and 9 g/kg of fresh forage). After 60 days of the ensiling, the samples were collected to examine the fermentative quality, chemical composition and aerobic stability. Results: The application of SDA significantly (p<0.05) decreased silage pH with the lowest value in silage with 7 g/kg of SDA. The proliferations of enterobacteria, yeasts, molds and clostridia were inhibited by SDA, resulted in lower ethanol, propionic and butyric acid concentrations and dry matter loss in SDA treated silages than control. The increasing SDA linearly decreased free amino acid N (p<0.001), ammonia N (p = 0.018) and non-protein N (p<0.001), while linearly increased water soluble carbohydrate (p<0.001) and peptide N (p<0.001). It is speculated that SDA accelerated the shift from homofermentative to heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria during the silage fermentation, indicated by lower lactic acid production in SDA-9 than SDA-7 silages after 60 days of ensiling. Alfalfa silages treated with SDA at 7 g/kg had highest Flieg's point and remained stable more than 9 d during aerobic exposure under humid and hot conditions in southern China. Conclusion: SDA may be used as an additive for alfalfa silages at a level of 7 g/kg.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.73-86
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• 2006

Concentrated poultry production in the State of Alabama, U.S.A. results in excessive poultry litter. Application of poultry litter to pastures and row crops serves as a cheap alternative to commercial fertilizer. However, over the years, poultry litter application to perennial forage crops in the Appalachian Plateau region of North Alabama has resulted in phosphorus (P) buildup in soils. Phosphorus index (P-index) and comprehensive nutrient management plans (CNMP) are often used as a best management practice (BMP) for proper land application of litter. Because nutrient management planning is often not done for small animal feeding operations (AFOs), and also because, in case of excess litter, litter transportation infrastructure has not been developed, over application of poultry litter to near by area is a common practice. To alleviate this problem, optimal poultry litter management and transportation infrastructure needs to be developed. This paper presents a methodology to optimize poultry litter application and transportation through efficient nutrient management planning and transportation network analysis. The goal was accomplished through implementation of three important modules, a P-Index module, a CNMP module, and a transportation network analysis module within ArcGIS, a Geographic Information System (GIS). The CNMP and P-Index modules assist with land application of poultry litter at a rate that is protective of water quality, while the transportation network analysis module helps transport excess litter to areas requiring litter in the Appalachian Plateau and Black Belt (a nutrient-deficient area) regions. Once fully developed and implemented, such a system will help alleviate water quality problems in the Appalachian Plateau region and poor soil fertility problems in the Black Belt region by optimizing land application and transportation. The utility of the methodology is illustrated through a hypothetical case study.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2013

This study was carried out to determine the optimum harvest stage of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) for maximum forage production during the spring season in Suwon, 2010. The variety of IRG was the early maturity type, 'Kowinearly', and six harvest stages (treatments) were first heading (T1), heading (T2), late heading to early bloom (T3), bloom to late bloom (T4), ripeness (T5), and late ripeness stage (T6). The dates of the first heading and heading of 'Kowinearly' were seen on 4 to 5 May, and 14 May, respectively. Plant length and dry matter (DM) percentage at first harvest were from 69 cm and 14.8% at T1 stage to 103 cm and 35.0% at T6 stage, respectively. The content of crude protein (CP) and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) of T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 at first harvest were 15.6%, 10.6%, 10.1%, 8.1%, 7.3% and 5.4%, and 81.8%, 72.1%, 64.8%, 63.8%, 61.4% and 59.0%, respectively. The content of neural detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were increased continuously with delayed harvest. A significantly higher yield of DM, CP and in vitro digestible DM (IVDDM) were observed for T3, and T4 (p<0.05). DM yield of 3,526 kg, 6,278 kg, 7,842 kg, 8,984 kg, 8,346 kg and 8,008 kg/ha, CP yield of 549 kg, 665 kg, 795 kg, 725 kg, 608 kg and 430 kg/ha, and IVDDM of 2,883 kg. 4,526 kg, 5,083 kg, 5,728 kg, 5,124 kg and 4,722 kg/ha at first harvest were recorded in T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively. Regrowth yield of DM, CP and IVDDM were shown to be higher at T1 and T2 (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed between the two stages. Daily DM and DDM production of regrowth IRG were higher at T2, followed by T1. The total yield (at first and at regrowth) of DM, CP and IVDDM were significant higher for T2, followed by T3, T4 and T1 in order. At T2 stage, the yield was 11,089 kg, 1,254 kg, and 7,669 kg/ha in DM, CP, and IVDDM. In conclusion, the late heading to bloom stage was determined to be the optimum harvest stage for a single harvest, while the heading stage was a suitable stage of first harvest of 'Kowinearly' where two harvests were sought in a single year.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 1985

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of maturity stages and particle length on quality of silage made from Sorghum-sudan hybrid (Pioneer 988). The silage was made at heading, milky, dough and yellow ripe stage and cut 1.0, 2.5, 4.0cm at each stage. The quality of the silage was evaluated on the bases of the chemical compositions, content of organic acids, pH and $NH_3-N$ of the silage, and also the correlation between main compositions of the silage. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The moisture content was decreased with advancing maturity, but dry matter content was increased. Crude protein was decreased with advancing maturity at the level of 12.55 percentageat heading stage. Crude fiber was tended to increase. 2. The moisture content of silage was markedly decreased with advancing maturity (p<0.01). 3. The pH value of silage was the lowest when particle length was 2.5cm, and there was no significant difference between particle lengths. At the yellow ripe stage, the pH value was the lowest (3.53) and at the dough stage, the pH value was the highest (4.59) (p<0.01). 4. The rate of $NH_3-N$ to total-N was the highest (16.3%) at heading stage, the lowest (9.2%) at the dough stage. 5. The organic acid contents was not uniformly fixed at the particle length, but the highest quality silage was produced at yellow ripe stage as was not produced butyric acid and plenty of lactic acid was contented. 6. The correlations between pH and lactic acid (r=0.719), pH and total acid (r=-0.716), butyric acid and Flieg's score (r=0.872) were negative, respectively (p<0.01). And those between lactic acid and total acid (r=0.990), moisture and $NH_3-N$ (r=0.767) were positive, respectively (p<0.01).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2004

Silage additives are needed to increase the quality of whole crop rice silage which seldom produce without the additives due to both high pH and butyric acid concentrations. Little information, however, is available about the silage fermentation of whole crop rice added with silage additives in Korea. This study was conducted to determine the optimum levels of silage additives by evaluating the effects of latic acid bacteria (LAB) and formic acid concentrations on the silage quality of whole crop rice harvested at different mature stages. Field study was established early in May until October 7th on a rice field at Yupori, Sinbuk-yeup, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do. "Ilpum" mutant rice was harvested at six different mature stages; booting stage (17 Aug.), milk-ripe stage (27 Aug.), dough stage (7 Sep.), yellow ripe stage (17 Sep.), dead ripe stage (27 Sep.) and full ripe stage (7 Oct.). Each sample was ensiled in three different ways; with 1) LAB (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2% of sample wt), 2) formic acids (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% of sample wt.) and 3) no additive. The additive levels did not affect dry matter content, crude protein, fiber and total digestable neutriant concentrations at all stages. Addition of additives significantly decreased the silage pH and butyric acid concentrations which tended to be more decreased with higher levels of additives. Latic acid concentrations were higher with the use of additives, especially with LAB. The lower concentrations of ammonia-N were observed in additive treatments at all stages, but the concentrations of ammonia-N did not differ according to the additve levels after yellow ripe stage (0.69, 0.60 and 0.71% of DM in 0.05, 01 and 0.2% of LAB, respectively; 0.64 0.59 and 0.75% of DM in 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% of formic acid, respectively). These results indicate that the optimum addition levels of LAB and formic acid are 0.5∼0.1% and 0.2∼0.3%, respectively, on which the high quality of rice whole crop silage was produced. produced.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.431-440
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of molasses and $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal supplementation on the quality of Korean herbal medicine silage. Herbal medicine meal silages were produced by the addition of 0, 15, and 30% of $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal and 0, 1, and 2% of molasses ($3{\times}3$ factorial design) and stored for 40 days at room temperature. There were three replicates per treatment. Its quality such as chemical composition, pH, organic acids, the number of microorganisms and $in$ $vitro$ dry matter disappearance were determined. As the $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal level increased, crude protein and crude fat contents increased significantly, but the acid detergent fiber (ADF) content decreased significantly. As the addition of $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal decreased, and molasses increased, pH tended to decrease, but the lactic acid content trended to increase. The acetic acid content was lower in a higher level (30%) of $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal, and higher in a higher level (2%) of molasses. As the $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal level increased, the butyric acid content decreased, and butyric acid of molasses treatment was higher than that of non-supplemented control. Molasses increased the number of Lactobacillus, but decreased the number of fungi in silage. A lower level of $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal increased the number of Lactobacillus, but decreased the number of fungi. $in$ $vitro$ dry matter disappearance tended to increase by the addition of $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal and molasses. It is concluded that the addition of molasses and $Phellinus$ $linteus$ to herbal medicine meal silage could enhance its nutritional quality. It is considered that proper levels of molasses and $Phellinus$ $linteus$ meal in herbal medicine meal silage were 2 % and 15% respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.295-304
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of harvest stage of Sorghum ${\times}$ Sorghum Hybrid (SSH) and manufacture methods of SSH silage on nutritive values and quality of SSH silage manufactured with SSH grown in paddy land of Department of Animal Resources Development, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA. SSH "SS405" was harvested at two different growth stages (heading and ripen stage) and ensiled at each harvest stages. The content of crude protein in both square baled SSH silage (SBSS) and bag silage (BS) increased with delayed harvest maturity, but the contents of ADF (acid detergent fiber), NDF (neutral detergent fiber) decreased. The contents of ADF and NDF was not influenced by the inoculation of lactic bacteria. The contents of TDN (total digestible nutrient) in both stage and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) in heading stage was not influenced by the harvest stage of SSH. The pH in all SSH silage ranged from 3.8 to 4.4 at two different harvest stages, and pH in heading stage was higher than that of ripen stage (P<0.05). The content of lactic acid of all SSH silage increased with delayed harvest maturity (P<0.05), but the content of acetic acid decreased (P<0.05). The contents of lactic acid and acetic acid in ripen stage were not influenced by manufacture method of silage. The content of lactic acid in both SBSS was higher than that of both BS and RBSS in heading and ripen stage (P<0.05), but the content of acetic acid decreased (P<0.05). The contents of lactic acid and acetic acid in BS were similar as compared to that of RBSS. Therefore, we suggest that the quality of SSH silage in both heading and ripen stage can be improved by manufacture methods of SBSS and BS.