• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.245-252
• /
• 2009

The grassland establishment under the forest become important, but it comes with a shade for the grass growing among trees. The objective of this study is to select the proper grass-clover mixtures to several shading degrees. The grass-clover mixtures were grown under full sunlights and shade cloths, which reduce sunlight intensity by 35, 50 and 75%. The various types of mixtures were allocated at each shading degrees with three replications. The productivity of mixtures was the highest under full sunlights, and intermediate with 35% degree of shading and least with both 50 and 75% degrees of shading. The 1st mixture (orchardgrass+tall fescue+Kentucky bluegrass+ladino clover+perennial ryegrass+timothy) showed the greatest yield in all treatments. The crude protein (CP) concentration of all mixtures increased with the higher degree of shading, but no CP concentration difference was observed in mixtures within same degree of shading. The lowest neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentrations and highest relative feed value (RFV) were resulted in the 1st mixture in all treatments. This study indicates that tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, ladino clover, perennial ryegrass and timothy can be used as components for mixtures with orchardgrass which is major component for forest-pastures.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
• /
• 2002.09b
• /
• pp.131-156
• /
• 2002

Although economically viable, the livestock industry is currently facing a number of challenging environmental problems and highly complex social issues, many of which are related to its size and geographically concentrated nature. Increased emphasis on environmental quality has also placed new demands on livestock producers to ensure that their production practices are in harmony with natural environment. In terms of sustainable agricultural systems, ruminants have served and will continue to serve a valuable role. They are particularly useful in converting vast renewable resources from rangeland, pasture, and crop residues or other by-product into food edible for human. With ruminants, land that is too poor or too erodable to cultivate becomes productive. Also, nutrients in by-products are utilized and do not become a waste-disposal problem. In Korea, however, native and dairy cattle production is not consistent with the advantageous roles of ruminant livestock in sustainable agricultural system because imported feed grains become the main basis for cattle raising. At present the ruminant livestock producers are heavily concentrated in and around the urban areas. About 75% of all the nation's cattle herds are kept on the outskirts of urban areas. As a result, the amount of pasture and forage land available per head of cattle is generally small. Furthermore, animals are raised in a cattle shed with high density. This situation is rather unfavorable for the national economic and environmental points of view As nation income increased, the demand for livestock products grew at an unforeseeable pace. But the pasture area involving in current utilization is tended to decrease during recent years. Based on the above figures more than 250,000 ha of pasture ought to be available for the present herd of cattle. It is obvious that these needs can scarcely be met with arable lands. Lands area for the establishment of new grassland have to be found in the hills and mountains which have not yet been used for crop framing or livestock. The development of extensive grasslands in the hill and woodland areas is now a declared aim. The starting point of the present work is the lack of knowledge of forage production and utilization in hill pasture and woodland in spite of indispensable necessity for livestock production in Korea. The importance of pastoral system in hill region and woodland is particularly emphasized in a standpoint of sustainable livestock production. Main chapter comprises the principle and techniques applicable for improving the utilization of hill pasture and woodland. We finally discussed the problems to solve and future works for a successful livestock production in hill and mountainous area in Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.203-214
• /
• 2008

The overwintering crops, barley, wheat, oat and triticale etc, have been received in korea as high-quality roughage for round-baled silage making as livestock feed. Studies were carried out to evaluated the effects of seed blending on growth, yield and feed value between barley and wheat, triticale and oat, respectively. The results are summarized as follows : The barley was declined in the growth and spike's size as affected by sown as mixed seeding with triticale, but not effected with oat. The total fresh yield were increased by grown as mixed seeding with wheat, triticale and oat, but the dry matter yield were not significantly increased because of the low percentage of dry matter and the decrease of barley's growth. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein content were increased by seed blending, but acid detergent fiber (ADF) and digestible dry matter (DDM) content were decreased. The feed value was improved by seed blending of barley and wheat, but not significant at seed blending of triticale and oat. Because of the flourishing tillers, difference of heading date and abundant leaves of oat, the optimum crop for mixed seeding with barley for increment of forage productivity was oat in middle area of korea.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.147-150
• /
• 2002

To investigate the effects of Harvesting time and additives on the quality of peanut silage, the silage was mixed in combination with peanut leaf and stem, rice and barley straw, inoculant etc. Harvesting time at peanut growth stage was the best at 90 days after flowering with 30 branches,81 g of 100-seed weight, and 77% of shelling rate with low diseases in leaf and stem. By delay of harvest, diseases and lodging were increased. The yield of forage was the highest at 90 days after flowering as 52 t/ha, and seed yield was at 110 days as 3.72 t/ha. The yields between forage yield and seed yield ($r^2$=0.62$^{**}$) were correlated positively. The value of silage as a forage came over 90 days after flowering in combination with peanut leaf+stem+vice straw+inoculant treatment. The treatment was increased dry matter (DM) yield and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), the coarse protein (CP), and total digestible nutrient (TDN) content of silage in comparing with control (peanut leaf+stem). The pH at the organic matter contents of silage in combination of peanut leaf+stem+rice straw+lactic acid treatment was 5.04 to 5.10, the content of butyric and lactic acid were 3.12 to 4.64%, 2.07 to 7.34%, respectively.y.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.333-342
• /
• 2010

Corn is very important forage in Korea. The great part of them is utilized as silage. Generally, it contains a lot of grains that is feed of animal. This experiment was conducted to evaluation of fermentation ability of microbes for corn silage inoculant. Good lactic acid bacteria were isolated from good corn silage by plating MRS agar containing 0.02% sodium azide, and assessed by growing and acid producing ability in MRS broth. Six lactic acid bacteria were selected, and were found to be Gram positive, rods and catalase negative and were identified to be lactobacillus plantarum (C3-2, B13-1, CC9-1), Lactobacillus fermentum (C11-4), Lactobacillus paracasei (B14-1), and Leuconostoc lactis (A3-1) on the basis of the biochemical characteristics and utilization of substrates. Corn was ensiled at ripen stage following treatment with selected five lactic acid bacteria, two commercial inoculant, and no additive (control). After 2 month, B13-1 and CC9-1 bacteria inoculated silage were lower pH and higher lactic acid content than others treatments. The Flieg's score and grade of B13-1 and CC9-1 bacteria treated silage were higher than commercial inoculant. According to this experiment, lactobacillus plantarum B13-1 and CC9-1 strain were recommendable for good inoculant of corn silage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.257-262
• /
• 2007

The objective of this research was to develop a high yielding, early and medium-late flowering new hairy vetch(Vicia villosa Roth) varieties derived from an accession in Korea. Most vigorous early and medium-late flowering hairy vetch lines were selected and crossed by open pollination and their seeds were bulked and plants were reselected at Seongju in the Keongbuk and at Sacheon in the Keongnam. A performance trial was conducted to evaluate agronomic characteristics, forage quality and dry matter(DM) yield of new hairy vetch early-maturing 'Cold green' and medium-late maturing variety 'Cheong pa' at Seongju and Sacheon. 'Cold green' and 'Cheong pa' are hair but 'Haymaker plus' and 'Latigo' are nearly hairless. 'Cold green' has purple flowers while 'Cheong pa' has violet. The cold tolerance of 'Cold green,' 'Cheong pa' and 'Latigo' was higher than 'Haymaker plus' at Seong-ju, Keongbuk province, in inland region but there were a little differences at Sacheon, Keongnam province in southern coast region. Fifty percent-flowering dates of 'Cold green' and 'Haymaker plus' had earlier than others and 'Cheong pa' was earlier than 'Latigo'. The DM yield of 'Cold green' was higher than that of others, but 'Cheong pa' and 'Haymaker plus' had higher than 'Latigo' at Seong-ju(P<0.05). In Sacheon, The DM yield of 'Cold green' and 'Haymaker plus' was higher than others and 'Cheong pa' had higher than 'Latigo'.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.269-274
• /
• 2007

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of seeding method on winter survival and dry matter yield of Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum Lam. "Kospeed") in paddy field for two years. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatment consisted of four different seeding methods, R-LS-P(rotary-line sowing-packing), R-BS-P(rotary-broadcast seeding-packing), R-BS(rotary-broadcast seeding), R-BS-TR(rotary-broadcast seeding-trifling rotary), BS-TR(broadcast seeding-trifling rotary). The emergence ratio of broadcast was decreased by 12% and winter survival was decreased by 17% compared with line sowing. The R-BS-TR treatment which was practical seeding method of rye was decreased seeding stand ratio by 65.2% and winter survival by 6.7% compared with others seeding methods. Dry matter yield of line sowing(8,151 kg/ha) was higher than that of broadcast(6,281 kg/ha) and R-BS-P treatment was the highest DM yield as 7,166 kg/ha. There was not found significant difference among seeding method in forage quality. The results of this experiment indicated that R-BS-P(rotary-broadcast seeding-packing) was recommendable the best seeding method after harvested whole crop rice in paddy field.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.81-86
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different seeding dates on agronomic characteristics, forage quality, dry matter (DM) and dry matter digestible (DDM) yields of sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench) and oat (Avena sativaL.) at Seongju in Kyeongbuk from 2012 to 2013. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Sudangrass was seeded five times seeding dates of 10 days interval ranging from $1^{th}$ August to $10^{th}$ September in 2012 and 2013. Oat was seeded three times seeding dates of 10 days interval ranging from $20^{th}$ August to $10^{th}$ September in 2013. Sudangrass was harvested on $26^{th}$ October, 2012 and $2^{nd}$ November, 2013. Plant length and DM content decreased with delaying seeing date. The DM and DDM yields of sudangrass were higher (P<0.05) in first seeding date than all other seeding dates and decreased with delaying seeding dates (P<0.05). The DM and DDM yields of oat were higher (P<0.05) in first and second seeding dates than third seeding date. The results of this study indicated that early seeding of sudangrass would be a recommended than late seeding after $20^{th}$ of August, and late seeding of oat after $30^{th}$ August would be recommened for DM and DDM yields in the Southern Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.117-122
• /
• 2013

This experiment was conducted to evaluate agronomic characteristics, forage quality, and dry matter (DM) yield of hairy vetch 'Cold green', common vetch 'Maxivesa', 'Wild common', 'Rasina', 'Morava', and 'Blanchefleur', at Seongju in Kyeongbuk from 2010 to 2012. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Vetchs were seeded on the 10th of Oct. 2010 and on the 3rd of Oct. 2011. Vetch plants were harvested on the 4th of May 2011 and on the 10th of May in 2012. 'Cold green' and 'Wild common' exhibited greater cold tolerance than other cultivars. Fifty percent-flowering of 'Cold green' occurred on the 22nd of Apr., whereas that of 'Wild common' occurred on the 26th of Apr. and those of 'Rasina' and 'Blanchefleur' occurred on 28th of Apr. and that of 'Maxivesa' occurred on 17th of May. The DM yield of 'Cold green' was higher (p<0.05) than all other cultivars, whereas the DM yield of 'Wild common' was higher (p<0.05) than those of the remaining 4 cultivars. According to the results obtained from this study, it is suggested 'Wild common' vetch is be recommendable for cultivation where increased DM production is sought.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.103-110
• /
• 2009

Rape plants, especially forage type, are known as one of high S-demanding plants. Their productivity and quality have often limited under S-deficient condition. To investigate the effect of S-deficiency on N uptake and its assimilation, $NO_3^-$ absorption, nitrate reducatse (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in leaf and root tissues as affected by different S-supplied level was determined. $NO_3^-$ uptake was not significant between control and S-deficient treated plants, while significantly depressed in S-deprived plants for the early 8 h. NR activity decreased as S-availability decreased, especially in young and middle leaves, representing more than 35% of decrease in S-deficient and 70% in S-deprived plants when compared with control. In roots, a significant decrease (-29%) in NR was observed only in S-deprived plants. Relatively higher GS activity was found in young leaves for three all treatments. As a whole leaf tissue, S-limited conditions resulted in a reduction of GS activity. In root which showed the lowest activity, a significant decrease (-30%) was observed only in S-deprived plants.