• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.383-389
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• 2008

This study was performed to compare effect of immune activities of Rhodiola sachalinensis by various extraction process with different temperature and extraction solvents. Experiments were performed for investigate the immune activities on human B and T cell growth and secretion of their cytokines. Also, antibodies in serum were investigated in female ICR mouse by feeding the extracts of R. sachalinensis at doses of 40, 120 and 360 mg/kg orally for 15 days. The immune cell growth and secretion of cytokines (IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$) on human B and T cells were increased by adding R. sachalinensis extracts compare to the control. Also, total serum IgG levels increased by feeding R. sachalinensis extracts. It can be conclude that optimum condition for efficient extraction of R. sachalinensis as functional material is slovent extraction process using water with ultrasonification at below $100^{\circ}C$ than typical process.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.69-79
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the anti-obesity effects of raw and pickled garlic in vitro in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Methods: The pickled garlic samples comprised the following: garlic aged in vinegar (VG), garlic aged in soy sauce, and vinegar (1:1, v/v) (PG) and raw garlic (RG) as control. Hexane, butanol, and distilled water were used to prepare the fractions. The pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity was used as a measure of anti-obesity effects of the extracts. The lipid droplet accumulation and triglyceride content in the 3T3-L1 cells were measured using Oil red O staining and triglyceride assay kits, respectively. The adipogenesis related protein expression levels were analyzed using the kits and the western blot method. Results: The pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of the garlic extracts (VG, PG, RG) was the highest in the butanol fraction, and the inhibitory effect was the highest in RG, followed by PG and VG. All garlic butanol extracts suppressed triglyceride accumulation in differentiated adipocytes (P<0.05) through the activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP), AMP-activated protein kinase, carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1, and the inhibition of fatty acid synthase. Raw garlic extracts significantly inhibited the expression of proteins involved in adipogenesis as compared to pickled garlic. Conclusions: Raw garlic has the potential to be an effective natural material for reducing obesity compared to pickled garlic with vinegar or soy sauce.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.101-101
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• 2017

Beta-glucan is a polymerized polysaccharide on beta-1,3 chemical bonds. It has the main pharmacological action of various anticancer mushrooms and is colorless and odorless. In addition, it enhances phagocytosis of macrophages against mycobacterium tuberculosism and increases resistance of host against food poisoning bacteria. Owing to these advantages, beta-glucan was used in various health supplement foods such as immune boosters, hypotensive agent and hypoglycemic agent. Our study was aimed to investigate the effective components of beta-glucan, which was optimized via the contents of Sarcodon aspratus and rice bran. First, the mixture ratio condition of Sarcodon aspratus and rice bran were respectively 10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, and 0:10. The raw materials were fabricated using hot water extraction method. Distilled water of 100 mL was added to the raw material and extracted. After the extraction processed, the content of effective components was analyzed. The absorbance of beta-glucan was measured using a beta-glucan kit (Megazyme, (1-3) (1-4) BETA-D-GLUCAN ASSAY KIT). The absorbance analysis was repeated three times for accurate analysis. After the extracts were lyophilized, the yields of extracted raw materials according to the mixture ratio conditions of Sarcodon aspratus and rice bran (10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, and 0:10) were respectively 33.1%, 34.5%, 35.3%, 30.7%, and 24.3%. The absorbance was 1.52, 1.47, 1.50, 1.79, and 1.56, respectively. As a result, the optimum ratio of beta-glucan is 3:7 at Sarcodon aspratus and rice bran. This study suggested that the optimal amount of beta-glucan could be used as a health supplement foods and food additive such as immune boosters, hypotensive agent and hypoglycemic agent. However, the new condition (temperature, time) of hot water extraction to maximize the content of beta-glucan could be considered, could be necessary to compare with the existing extracts.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.718-726
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the physiological activities of Aronia melanocarpa extracts on extraction solvents (through hot water extraction, 50% ethanol extraction, and 50% methanol extraction). The yield of 50% ethanol extract, 84.50%, was higher than that of the hot water extract (84.05%) and of the 50% methanol extract (76.20%). The total sugar content of the extraction solvent, 35.56~37.68 g/100 g, did not significantly differ. The total anthocyanin content of the 50% methanol extract, 395.10 mg/100 g, was higher than of 50% ethanol extract (318.61 mg/100 g) and of the hot water extract (252.82 mg/100 g). The anthocyanin composition of the cyanidin-3-galactoside, 364.65 mg/100 g, was higher than that of the cyanidin-3-arabinoside (163.06 mg/100 g) and of the cyanidin-3-glucoside (35.69 mg/100 g) in the 50% methanol extract. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of the 50% ethanol and the 50% methanol extracts at $100-1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were 7.96-70.01%, and 8.90-69.21%, respectively. The superoxide radical scavenging activities of all the extracts improved with an increase in the treatment concentration. The FRAP of the 50% ethanol extract and the 50% methanol extract at $100-1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were $57.14-817.87{\mu}M$ and $67.32-812.78{\mu}M$, respectively. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the 50% ethanol extract, 23.03-33.82% ($100-1,000{\mu}g/mL$), was higher than that of the other extracts. The cancer cell growth inhibition activity of the 50% ethanol extract (76.86% at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$) on HeLa cell line was significantly higher than of the hot water and of the 50% methanol extracts. There results suggest that the 50% ethanol extract from Aronia melanocarpa may be a useful for functional food material in the food industry.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.215-221
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• 2017

The biological activity of water-soluble polysaccharide (WSP) fractions extracted from Cedrela sinensis was examined in this study. Cedrela sinensis was extracted using hot water, ultrasonication, and enzymes (Viscozyme, Shearzyme) and precipitated using ethanol to produce crude polysaccharides. The yield (3.51%) and total polysaccharide content (28.03 g/100 g) of WSP extracted using Shearzyme (WSPs) were highest compared to other extracts. The antioxidant activity of WSP extracted using hot water was highest and had the lowest $IC_{50}$ values in DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and superoxide dismutase-like activity. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity increased as the concentration increased. All extracts showed higher retardation effects on glucose and bile acid compared to the control; particularly, WSPs showed a similar glucose retardation effect to carboxymethyl cellulose. This study suggests that WSP from C. sinensis can be used as a functional food material.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1348-1358
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• 2017

To enhance the physiological activity of the Rhynchosia volubilis (RV), R. volubilis (RVHE-A) and R. volubilis-added herbal powder (RVHE-B) were fermented with a solid state culture of Hericium erinaceum mycelia (HE). The total isoflavone contents of the non-fermented RV-A ($489.9{\mu}g/g$) and RV-B ($571.1{\mu}g/g$) were remarkably increased in fermented RVHE-A ($1,836.4{\mu}g/g$) and RVHE-B ($1,276.7{\mu}g/g$). In particular, aglycone isoflavones such as daidzein and genistein were significantly higher in the RVHE-A than any other sample. When hot-water (HW) and EtOH extracts (E) were fractionated from the RV and RVHE, both extracts from the RVHE-A were higher than those from the RV-A in total polyphenol and flavonoid contents. However, the RVHE-B-HW showed a lower polyphenol and flavonoid content level than did RV-B-HW. RVHE-A-HW and -E also had more potent ABTS radical scavenging activity than any extract from the non-fermented RV and other ferments (RVHE-B). In the meanwhile, RVHE-A-HW potently stimulated the production of macrophage activation-related cytokines such as $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 and IL-12 ($841.7{\pm}71.3pg/mL$, $3.9{\pm}0.1ng/mL$, $179.3{\pm}30.2pg/mL$) from peritoneal macrophage more than RV-A-HW ($92.5{\pm}1.5pg/mL$, $0.1{\pm}0.0ng/mL$, $37.4{\pm}5.4pg/mL$) as well as RVHE-B-HW ($557.0{\pm}21.3pg/mL$, $1.8{\pm}0.0ng/mL$, $90.0{\pm}10.0pg/mL$). However, all the EtOH extracts did not show significant activity. In addition, the RVHE-A-HW showed a significantly higher intestinal immune system modulating activity through Peyer's patch and GM-CSF production than did any other extract from RV and RVHE-B. In conclusion, these results suggest that the fermented R. volubilis with H. erinaceum mycelia possesses a possible use as an industrial application as functional food or material.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.138-143
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• 2012

The anti-obesity activity of the $Cucubita$ $moschata$ Duch. extracts was investigated. The inhibitory effect on triglyceride accumulation was shown in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte. The lipid accumulation of the ethanol extract in 5 mg/mL concentration was shown to be 75.4%, where as that of water extract was shown to be 85.2%. The survival rate of the cell in the viability test was shown to be 86.5% in the 0.5-5 mg/mL concentration. Total polyphenol content was highest in the water extract($46.54{\pm}0.02$ mg). These results suggest that $Cucubita$ $moschata$ Duch. extracts have a potential as anti-obesity material by reducing the lipid accumulation.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.267-274
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• 2016

This study was conducted to examine the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of medicinal fruit extracts (Corni fructus, Schizandra chinensis, Rubus coreanus Miquel and Lycii folium) with different extraction mixing ratios (MS, an equal ratio of the medicinal fruit = 1.25:1.25:1.25:1.25; M1, 2:1:1:1; M2, 1:2:1:1; M3, 1:1:2:1 and M4, 1:1:1:2) from medicinal fruit. pH, sugar content and acidity of the extracts were 3.22~3.52, $3.20{\sim}4.20^{\circ}Brix$ and 3.60~5.85%, respectively. The extraction yield of M2 (42.33%) was higher than those of MS (36.03%), M1 (40.40%), M3 (32.53%) and M4 (35.90%). The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of M3 were 14.54 g/100 g and 5.65 g/100 g, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of M3 at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were 86.09% and 90.49%, respectively. The ferric-reducing antioxidant power and the reducing power of M3 at $250{\sim}1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were $0.36{\sim}0.86{\mu}M$ and 0.21~0.96, respectively. The antioxidant activities of M3 were significantly higher than those of the other extracts. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that medicinal fruit extracts had potential as a functional material.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.667-674
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• 2018

In this study, we evaluated the whitening activity of prethanol A and water extracts from Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai. The extracts were prepared using 0, 50, 70, and 100% prethanol A at $121^{\circ}C$, 1.2 atm for 15 minutes. To confirm effective extraction, the acteoside content of each extract was analyzed with the HPLC-PDA method. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity assays, and the whitening activity was evaluated based on inhibitory activities on the protein and mRNA expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2), and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) in B16 F10 cells. Each extract showed strong antioxidant and whitening activity. $IC_{50}$ values of antioxidant activity from each extract were in order of 100%, 70%, 50%, and 0%. In addition, whitening activity inhibited the protein and mRNA expression of melanin synthesis factor, following the same pattern as antioxidant activity. In conclusion, water and prethanol A extracts of A. distichum showed effective antioxidant and whitening activity and are thus considered to be valuable materials for whitening cosmetics. The results of this study will also provide basic data for the safe and efficient production of A. distichum as a cosmetic material.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2003

The current study investigated the effect of Korean safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed powder and its water and ethanol extracts on bone metabolism during recovery from rib-fracture induced by surgical operation in rats. 10-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 320 g were divided into 9 groups after arrival: 10d control (AIN 76 semi-purified diet), 10d safflower seed powder (10d SS-powder), 10d safflower seed ethanol extract (10d SS-EtOH), 10d safflower seed water extract (10d SS-$H_2O$), 20d control (AIN-76 semi-purified diet), 20d safflower heed powder (20d SS-powder), 20d safflower seed ethanol extract (20d SS-EtOH), 20d safflower seed water extract (20d SS-$H_2O$), and 20d sham-operation (20d sham), The dietary level for all the supplements was 5% based on the raw material weight. The rats were fed the experimental diets for 10 days before the rib fracture operation and for a further 10 or 20 days after the operation. A number 9 rib was fractured surgically and a sham-operation also performed. The rats were then sacrificed on the l0th or 20th day after the operation. The body weight initially decreased after the operation in all the rib-fractured groups, then gradually recovered. The concentrations of plasma osteocalcin were higher in the control group than in all the safflower-supplemented groups 10 and 20 days after the rib-fracture (p < 0.05). The bone-specific ALP (alkaline phosphatase) activity was significantly higher in the SS-EtOH group than in the other groups 20 days after the rib-fracture (p < 0.05). The level of urinary DPD (deoxypridinoline) was significantly higher in the SS-EtOH and SS-$H_2O$ groups than in the other groups 10 days after the rib-fracture. When comparing the PTH (parathyroid hormone) and calcitonin levels, the SS-$H_2O$ group exhibited the highest PTH level among the groups 10 and 20 days after the rib-fracture. Thus, it was concluded that the bone turnover during the fracture-healing period was more rapid in the rats supplemented with safflower seed powder or its fractions than in the control rats. Furthermore, the SS-$H_2O$ fraction was identified as the most effective in stimulating bone remodeling, as bone resorption and bone formation were both significantly increased during fracture healing when compared to the control group.