• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.618-627
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 2011년 중국국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 20 ~ 64세 중국 성인이 섭취한 점심식사의 질을 가정식, 급식, 외식으로 구분하여 분석하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 총 대상자 3,708명 중 76.7%가 가정에서 점심식사를 하고 있었으며, 급식은 15.6%, 외식은 7.7%에 해당하였다. 가정식군은 여성이 남성보다 많았으나, 급식군과 외식군은 남성이 여성보다 많았다. 가정식군은 농촌 거주자가, 급식군과 외식군은 도시 거주자가 더 많았다. 둘째, 식품군별 섭취량을 분석한 결과, 곡류·서류·콩류와 생선류는 세 군 모두 권장섭취량 범위에 있었으나, 육류 섭취량은 세 군 모두 과다하였다. 특히 급식군과 외식군의 경우 권장섭취량의 2배 이상 섭취하고 있었다. 가정식군과 급식군의 채소류 섭취량은 권장섭취량 범위 내에 있었지만, 외식군은 20 g 이상 부족하였다. 과일류와 우유 및 유제품류 섭취량은 세 군 모두에서 매우 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 다빈도 섭취 식품을 분석한 결과 전체적으로 섭취빈도가 가장 높은 식품은 쌀과 돼지고기였고, 가장 많이 섭취한 채소는 청경채와 배추였다. 외식군은 가정식군과 급식군에 비해 채소류로 섭취한 식품의 종류가 적었고 쇠고기의 섭취 빈도가 높았으며, 빵 및 면류 식품의 섭취빈도가 높았다. 넷째, 식품군 섭취패턴을 분석한 결과, '곡류+ 육류+ 채소류' 패턴이 55.5%로 가장 많았다. '곡류+ 육류+ 채소류' 패턴은 급식군에서 그 비율이 가장 높았고, 외식군에서 상대적으로 낮았다. 가정식군에서는 '곡류+ 채소류' 패턴이, 외식군에서는 '곡류+ 육류' 패턴의 비율이 상대적으로 높았다. 다섯째, 전체적으로 식품군점수는 5점 만점에 평균 2.4점, 식품섭취 가짓수는 평균 3.4개로 섭취한 식품의 다양성이 부족한 것으로 나타나 개선의 필요가 있었다. 급식군의 식품군점수와 식품섭취 가짓수가 가정식군이나 외식군보다 유의적으로 높았다. 본 연구결과를 종합해보면, 중국 성인의 점심 식사는 육류 섭취가 과다하며, 과일류와 우유 및 유제품류의 섭취가 매우 부족한 공통적인 문제점이 있었다. 가정식의 경우 식사의 다양성 측면에서 곡류, 육류, 채소류를 모두 섭취할 수 있도록 영양교육이 필요하며, 외식의 경우 육류의 섭취가 지나치게 많고 채소류 섭취가 부족하여 개선의 필요가 있다. 또한 급식은 외식이나 가정식보다 식품 다양성 측면에서 바람직한 것으로 나타났으나, 점심식사의 기본적인 구성요소라고 할 수 있는 곡류, 육류, 채소류를 모두 섭취한 비율이 2/3에도 미치지 못하고 있어 체계적인 급식 프로그램을 도입할 필요가 있다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.214-224
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• 2015

This study was conducted to identify the combination of foods and foodservice menu patterns, food supply rankings and dietary quality through the a collection of school menus from the fifth week of October 2009, up to the fourth week of November 2009, in three American international schools in Korea. The results of analysis were as follows. For the basic pattern of American international school foodservice menu, dietary patterns comprised of rice, soup, five side dishes, Kimchi and snacks were 23.19%, while menu pattern comprised of rice, soup, four side dishes, Kimchi and snacks were 18.84%. The two dietary patterns accounted for 42.03%. For the foodservice frequency and food rankings from No. 1 to No. 5, vegetables and seasoned vegetables were the highest, followed by cooked rice, Kimchi, soup, and stir-fried foods. For nutrients, the intake ratio of carbohydrates, protein and fat for the calories provided at the three schools was 57:18:24, 53:18:29, and 55:18:27. Compared with 55~70:7~20:15~25 according to by Korean nutrition standards, carbohydrates and protein were adequate, but fat was high. For the recommended nutrient intake (RNI), the provided nutrient ratio was higher than the RI of nutrition standards in schools. For the average nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), all three schools were above 1. School C had an above-average ratio for vitamin B-complex and vitamin A. Phosphorus showed a significant difference in the nutrient density. For DDS, school C provided all five main food groups every day.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.353-364
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• 2005

The informations concerning knowledge, value and consumption pattern for rice foods of elementary schoolchildren (630 boys and 550 girls in 5th or 6th grade) were investigated in Changwon and Gimhae of Gyeongnam province. They were asked based on knowledge, one’s value and intake frequence of rice foods by questionnaries. Menus for 3 days including 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day were taken from 136 students (77 boys and 59 girls) in two Elementary Schools in Changwon and Gimhae to know intake reality of rice product. The purpose of this survey was to find the way of encouraging rice intake and preference which now seemed to be low because of simplified, westernized eating habits, and to provide basic information needed for inheriting and improving our traditional cooked rice centered eating culture. The results are summarized as follows. The knowledge of rice was positively correlated to the one’s value (r=0.365, p<0.001) and the preference (r=0.132, p<0.001), the one’s value was positively correlated to preference (r=0.409, p<0.001). The score of knowledge for rice was 12.8 points out of 20, the girls get points(13.12) significantly higher than the boys (12.53) (p<0.01). One's value about rice foods was 37.35 points out of 50 what is relatively high. They have eaten cooked rice type food for 2.24 times per day. Both boys and girls in Changwon and Gimhae area were having cooked rice type food significantly more during weekdays compared to weekends (p<0.001) by 3 days food record. According the results, we can see the possibility that schoolchildren can be encouraged to eat more rice foods by nutritional education to go with the development of various programs.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2012

The Korean diet, including breakfast, is becoming more Western, which could increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. Our aim was to assess whether breakfast patterns are associated with risk for metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. The study subjects (n=371; 103 men, 268 women) were employees of Jaesang Hospital in Korea and their acquaintances, and all subjects were between 30 and 50 years old. The data collected from each subject included anthropometric measurements, three-day food intake, blood pressure (BP) and blood analyses. The three breakfast patterns identified by factor analysis were "Rice, Kimchi and Vegetables", "Potatoes, Fruits and Nuts" and "Eggs, Breads and Processed meat". The "Rice, Kimchi and Vegetables" pattern scores were positively correlated with systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) measurements in men (P<0.05) and with serum triglyceride (TG) levels in women (P<0.05). The "Eggs, Breads and Processed meat" pattern scores correlated positively with weight, body mass index (P<0.05) and serum TGs (P<0.01) in men. The "Potatoes, Fruits and Nuts" pattern was associated with lower risk of elevated BP (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.28-0.88) and fasting glucose levels (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.26-1.00). In contrast, the "Eggs, Breads and Processed meat" pattern was associated with increased risk of elevated TGs (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.06-3.98). Our results indicate that reducing the consumption of eggs, western grains and processed meat while increasing fruit, nut and vegetable intake for breakfast could have beneficial effects on decreasing metabolic syndrome risk in Korean adults.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.318-326
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• 2009

We evaluated the vitamin A and E status of type 2 diabetic patients and normal adults living in Daegu area. Dietary intakes for two non-consecutive days were measured by 24-hour recall method for 76 diabetic patients and 72 normal adults. Plasma levels of retinol and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol were measured using HPLC method. Dietary intakes of vitamin A were not significantly different between the diabetic and the normal adults. However, the diabetic patients had significantly lower vitamin E intakes than the normal adults. Major food sources for vitamin A intake were red pepper powder and carrot. Half of the subjects from diabetic as well as normal adults consumed less than estimated average requirement of vitamin A. Plasma levels of retinol and tocopherol were maintained within normal ranges for most of the subjects regardless of diabetic status. Dietary intake of vitamin A was associated with vitamin E intake, however, there was no significant correlations between vitamin E intake and plasma ${\alpha}$-tocopherol levels. It seems that diabetic patients should try to increase dietary intake of vitamin E, as prolonged lower-level intake of vitamin E could eventually lead to vitamin E depletion. Further studies are needed to identify the magnitude of dietary variance at individual and seasonal levels, and to understand the discrepancies in dietary intake and plasma levels before establishing the dietary reference intake based on Korean dietary pattern.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2000

유해화학물질의 위해평가에 필요한 극단소비자에 의한 식품소비량을 얻기 위하여 1995년도에 실시한 식이섭취 조사자료로 부터 한국인의 식습관을 감안하면서 통계적인 방법으로 산정하였다. 한국인이 소비하는 159종의 식품들을 식품군별로 분류한 다음 원료식품으로의 환산계수, 기여율 등을 감안하여 개인간의 식품소비량이 정상분포를 할 것이라는 가정하에 90%위 및 95%위 극단소비량을 계산하였다. 대부분의 개별식품들은 기호계수가 2.O∼3.0범위에 있었으나 조미향신료, 견과종실류, 기호음료 등의 기호성 식품, 그리고 널리 상용되거나 매우 드물게 소비되는 식품들은 이 범위에서 벗어났다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.495-505
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• 2002

A study was performed to develop as a screening tool the Simple Evaluation Questionnaire for Screening the Over-weight-type Dietary Pattern in 30 to 49 Year Old Adults. We used the data from the 30 to 49 year old subjects who participated in the three surveys - the health behavior survey, the dietary habit survey and the food intake survey - as the National Health and Nutrition Survey 1998. The 3,598 adults were classified into to two body fatness groups of normal (including underweight) and overweight (including obese) on the basis of their relative body weight (RBW) When comparing variables between the two groups, significant differences were found in gender, education, job, employment status, perceived health status, sadness / depression state, stress level, age, number of diseases, age when overweightedness started, maximum body weight, sleep length, drinking pattern (yes/no) , amount of alcoholic drinks, frequency of intoxication or drunkeness, amount of alcoholic drinks when drunk, intensity of exercise, frequency of exercise, exercise duration, skipped meals, small meals and drug supplements. In terms of food intake, there were significant differences in the daily food intake in terms of breakfast, dinner, daily kimchi and dairy products. In terms of mealtimes, we found differences in the amount of cooked rice at breakfast, kimchi at lunch, soup / kuk at dinner, fresh vegetables for snacks, fried foods for snacks between breakfast and lunch, and fruits /juices for snacks between lunch and dinner. After developing questions with indicators and analyzing the indicators by logistic regression analysis three times, we chose 10 questions for a simple evaluation of dietary patterns for the overweight-type category in order to give one point each. Among them we selected two questions to add one additional point and one question to add two additional points. The average scores of the overweight and normal groups, as shown by the developed questionnaire, were $5.97 \pm 2.36 \pm 7.36 \pm 2.21$, respectively. A score of seven points was selected as the cut-off point. We examined the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of the questionnaire to the results of 67%, 59% and 62%, respectively.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.105-111
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• 1996

The trial was conducted to assess the impact of consulting through telephone on body weight reduction among 18 obese adult women. The degree of obesity, food intake pattern, and life style were examined through phone calls. Subjects visited our clinic and their body fat percentages were measured using impedance fat meter (model SIF-891), and were recommended and recorded to have a low calory diet with changes in the food habit and behavior. The study results are as follows: 1. There is a positive relationship between food habit, lifestyle, obese degree, and fat percentage. 2. 8-10kg and 5kg reductions in the body weight were observed among 14 subjects and 2 subjects, respectively. However, 2 subjects maintained their body weights. 3. The body reduction curve looked like a stairway (type) with low slope and was related with food intake amount. 4. It was possible to have the adequate protein intake only through the vegetable diet. 5. 15 out of 18 subjects were on the prescribed low calory diets for 3 days. Therefore, there is a time limitation to follow the diet treatment. 6. A body weight reduction altered dietary intake of foods which were rich in sweet taste, and the favorite foods were chocolate and candy.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.199-206
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Even though the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents is increasing, little is presently known about this syndrome in adolescents. This study aimed to cluster metabolic risk factors as well as examine the associations between identified patterns and nutrient intake using data from the Korean National Health Examination and Nutritional Assessment (KNHANES). SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 2,958 subjects aged 10 to 18 years along with both biochemical and dietary data information were obtained from KNHANES 2007-2010. Six components of metabolic syndrome were used to identify any patterns via factor analysis. Individuals were categorized into quartile groups according to their pattern score. RESULTS: Three clustering patterns with high loadings were identified and named as follows: 1) high blood pressure, 2) dyslipidemia, and 3) glucose abnormality patterns. The high blood pressure pattern showed high loadings of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, the dyslipidemia pattern showed high loadings of triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol levels, and the glucose abnormality pattern showed high loadings of fasting blood glucose levels. Intakes of fat and riboflavin were significantly decreased, whereas those of sodium and niacin were significantly increased across the quartiles in the dyslipidemia pattern. No nutrient intake except that of thiamin was significantly associated with the high blood pressure or glucose abnormality pattern. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that metabolic syndrome risk factors in the Korean adolescent population are characterized by three distinct patterns, which are differentially associated with dietary factors. Characterizing metabolic risk factors and providing specific dietary guidelines for target groups are important.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.335-344
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• 2010

Objectives : Targeting Korean adults, the food pattern are grasped. And, its correlation with oral disease is analyzed. In order to offer basic data to developing the nutritional policy and nutritional program for the future prevention from oral disease, a research was conducted by utilizing the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005(the 3rd term). Methods : The subjects in this study were 6,526 adults in more than fully 19 years among 9,047 persons who participated in the food intake survey out of those who completed the health interview survey. The statistical analysis was analyzed by using SPSS 12.0 program. Results : 1. As a result of Group Analyzing was indicated to dangerous-type food pattern and protection-type food pattern. 2. As a result of analyzing the answers for having dental caries in the annually personal recognition was indicated to be high in the dangerous-type food pattern, and had not the statistically significant difference. 3. As a result of analyzing the answers for having periodontal disease in the annually personal recognition was indicated to be high in the dangerous-type food pattern, and had the statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 4. As a result of analyzing the food pattern factors that have influence upon both major oral illnesses in the annually personal recognition, the person, who has the dangerous-type food pattern, had high risk level of the periodontal disease in the annually personal recognition. Conclusions : In the above results, as a result of surveying and analyzing importance of the food pattern in the incidence of both major oral illnesses, it is considered that there will be necessity of continuing to research into developing the nutritional policy and nutritional program in order to prevent oral illness in the future.