• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.660-675
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• 2015

This study was performed to assess the nutrient intake and dietary diversity of Korean children and adolescents using the Korean dietary pattern index developed in previous studies. For this study, 6,462 children and adolescents aged 7~18y who participated in the dietary intake survey (24h recall method) of the 2007~2013 KNHANES were sampled. The food items included in the Korean dietary index were jusik-ryu, guk/tang-ryu, gui/jjim-ryu, namul-ryu, yeomjangchaeso-ryu, jang-ryu and mitbanchan-ryu. All the subjects and both age groups (7~12y, 13~18y) were divided into quartiles. According to the results of this study, the range of the Korean dietary pattern score was 0~58 for all of the subjects and also in the 13~18 age group, and was 0~52 in the 7~12y age group. When the pattern score for each food group was compared across the quartiles of the Korean dietary pattern score, in all the subjects as well as in the 7~12y and 13~18y age groups, the pattern score for jusik-ryu and yeomjangchaeso-ryu was highest in Q1~Q4. or all the food groups, the mean pattern score was highest in Q4. These results suggested that the Korean dietary pattern score is highly associated with jusik-ryu including rice and yeomjangchaeso-ryu including kimchi. Accordingly, it is considered necessary to develop an index that reflects the characteristics of Korean cuisine and, at the same time, assesses the nutritional status and food consumption tendency of Korean children and adolescents.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.378-386
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• 2017

This study aimed to estimate daily intake of anthocyanins and to identify major sources of anthocyanins in current Korean dietary patterns in order to implement dietary recommendations for the improvement of Korean health. Sixteen foods were selected based on the availability of food intake and reliable anthocyanin content. Food intake data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014 and anthocyanin content data from earlier investigations were used to calculate the consumption of anthocyanins. Anthocyanin contents of 16 foods varied significantly and exhibited a range of 0~4,009 mg/100 g of fresh weight. Daily intake of anthocyanins was estimated to be 3.3 mg to 95.5 mg in Koreans. Of the 16 foods studied, the source contributing most to anthocyanin intake in the Korean population was plums (35.1%), followed by black beans (17.1%) and grapes (15.2%). These results indicate that major foods contributing to anthocyanin consumption in the Korean dietary pattern are fruits and grains.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.643-649
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the adequacy of dietary fat and protein intakes among female college students. Daily intakes of energy, fat, protein, major amino acids and other nutrients were measured in 52 female college students. Daily energy intake was 75.8% of the recommended intake. Fat and protein consist 19.2% and 16.7% of the total calorie, respectively. The average protein consumption per day was 105% of the recommended intake. Essential amino acids intakes were more than the recommended amounts which appears in the 6th edition of Recommended Dietary Allowances for Koreans. However, when the intake of each essential amino acid was compared to the recommended amino acid requirement pattern, these subjects did not meet the estimated requirements. There was a highly significant correlation between daily protein intake and lipid intake implying the major sources of protein in the diet were also major sources of fat. Daily intakes of dietary fiber, vitamin C, iron, and phosphorous were above the recommended levels of intake. However, blood hemoglobin concentration was marginal indicating dietary iron consumption is not a good marker for iron status. Also, calcium intake was only 63.5% of the recommended intake. Therefore, these results imply that main problems for these subjects are low energy consumption, low calcium intake, and the quality of protein. However, as opposed to the hypothesis, the main energy sources were not the food items high in saturated fats such as instant foods, which should be emphasized further.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.143-157
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• 1993

This research aims to find the information concerning nutritional status and food intake in Korean dirt betic men. Thus, the survey was made on 202 NIDDM patients over 35 age at University Hospital. The data were analysed using F-test and mutiple comparison in SAS package program. Main results were as follows : Incidence of diabetes is high in their forties and fifties. Most of them are salary men, administrators, and professionals in middle class, who reside in metropolitan area including Seoul. They used to take light exercise and were founded NIDDM by subjective symptoms. 36.6% of them have other diseases simultaneously such as hypertension, cancer, etc. Food intake pattern prior to incidence was that intake frequency of grains, sugars, protein foods, and liking foods was higher than of processed foods. Amounts of calorie intake were shown to be lower than normal persons, so that it seemed to be controlled by doctors. In addition, the calorie ratio derived from fat was lower than RDA. Thus protein and carbohydrate ratio was relatively higher than RDA. Total moan fatty acid intake was 32.15g and it is no significance among weight groups in various fatty acid intakes. With respect to the physical standards of the diabetic men, weight, PIBW BMI, BMM, 757, arm circumference, and waist /hip ratio were higher than in normal. Therefore it seemed that these factors would be related to the diabetics. From now on, it is required to research the correlations of fatty acid intakes on the diabetes and their influence to serum lipid profiles.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.316-322
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The association between dietary patterns and depression has been reported but the results have been inconsistent. This study was conducted to investigate the association between dietary patterns and depression in middle-aged Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The participants were selected from a community-based cohort, a subset of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Depression was assessed using the Korean version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and those with a BDI score ${\geq}16$ were defined as having depression. The subjects' food intakes over the year preceding the survey were estimated by using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were identified by using factor analysis. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association of dietary pattern with depression. RESULTS: Among 3,388 participants, 448 (13.2%) were identified as having depression. We identified two major dietary patterns: 'Healthy' dietary pattern was characterized by high intakes of vegetables, soybeans, mushroom, seaweeds, white fish, shellfish and fruits and a low intake of white rice. 'Unhealthy' dietary pattern was characterized by high intakes of white rice, meats, ramen, noodles, bread and coffee and a low intake of rice with other grains. Compared with subjects in the lowest quartiles, those in the highest quartiles of the healthy dietary pattern had a significantly lower odds ratio (OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.42-0.82, P for trend = 0.0037) after adjusting for potential confounders. In contrast, the unhealthy dietary pattern was negatively associated with depression (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.19-2.28, P for trend = 0.0021). CONCLUSION: This results suggest that a healthy dietary pattern (rich in vegetables, soybeans, mushroom, seaweeds, white fish, shellfish, and fruits) is associated with low risk of depression. Whereas an unhealthy dietary pattern (rich in white rice, meats, ramen, noodles, bread, and coffee) is associated with a high risk of depression in middle-aged Korean adults.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.345-355
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary pattern of children with unbalanced diet in school feeding. Children who eat only what they like among elementary school students were selected for this survey. The general characteristics, nutrition knowledge, eating behavior, food intake frequencies and food preferences of the subjects were investigated compared with control group. The subjects were consisted of a total of 160 children : 92 male students(unbalanced-diet group, 46; control group, 46), and 68 female students(unbalanced-diet group, 34; control group, 34). There was no significant difference in nutrition knowledge between the unbalanced-diet group and the control group. Dietary behavior of control group turned out to be more desirable than that of the unbalanced-diet group. In addition, 68.7% of the unbalanced-diet group and 13.8% of the control group hated to eat vegetables. The result of food intake frequency indicates that the control group turned out to be higher in their intake of fish, cereals, vegetables, seaweeds, fats & oils and Kimchi compared with unbalanced-diet group. Intake frequency of minerals and vitamins of the control group was higher than that of the unbalanced-diet group. On the other hand, the unbalanced-diet group turned out to be higher in sugar intake. Children showed the greatest preference of fruits. The unbalanced group turned out to prefer sugar and beverages more than the control group. These results suggest that the desirable dietary habits of children should be formed with the help of nutrition education designed for behavior modification.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.11-19
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• 1979

A numerical analysis of essential amino acid pattern of protein in daily Korean foods was conducted through computer programming based on the food intake data from 'Reports of national nutritional survey (1969, $1973{\sim}1979)'$ and food supply data from 'Food balance sheet $(1970{\sim}1977)'$. It was noted that the amounts of daily intake and supply of animal protein were gradually increased since 1973. In 1977, animal protein intake was 17.5g in total protein intake of 68g per person per day. Intake and supply of total essential amino acids were $20{\sim}28g$ per person per day in the both of urban and rural areas, and greater consumption of leucine, phenylalanine+tyrosine, isoleusine, lysine and valine was observed. Amino acids scores of consumed protein based on FAO provisional amino acid scoring pattern(1973) were around $75{\sim}90$ showing the scores of 77.9 in 1969 and 89.5 in 1977, and also lysine(1969, $1973{\sim}1976$) and threonine(1977) were considered as first limiting amino acid. On the other hand the scores of supply Protein $(1970{\sim}1977)$ rated in $82{\sim}88$, lysine$(1970{\sim}1971)$ or threonine $(1972{\sim}1977)$ was found as first limiting amino acid. Generally a protein quality of Korean daily food was improved since 1973 and a difference between urban and rural areas in terms of the nutritive quality of protein was considerably reduced in 1977.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.335-345
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• 1996

The solids(supplementary food) consumption of 200 healthy infants aged from 4 to 6 months have been measured. Five groups were assigned to different feeding patterns. Breastfed group(BF, n=38), formula-fed group(FF, n=102) and mixed-fed group(MF, n=14) were fed breast milk, formula and mixed(breast mile+formula) from birth until 6 months of age respectively. Convert 1 group(C1F, n=14) and convert 2 group(C2F, n=32) were fed breast milk and mixed milk at 2 months of age respectively and were switched to formula thereafter. All infants received solids form 4 months of age. The energy intake from solids at 4 and 6 months averaged 59.1 and 110.3㎉/d among BF groups vs 151.9 and 239.3㎉/d among FF groups respectively. Intakes of protein, calcium and iron were 38-46$\%$, 34-44% and 25-37$\%$ higher in the FF than in the Bf group during the first 6 months. However, no significant differences were found in the intakes of energy and nutrient intakes from solids in all 4 groups excluding BF group(39$\%$). Although BF infant's nutrient intakes from solids were lower than other group's intakes, they intaked evenly solids from various food groups. As the age of infant had increased, the energy intake ratio from solids was cereals and dairy products was increased whereas energy intake ratio from meats, eggs, fruits and vegetables was decreased. TSC4, TSC6(the frequency score for the kinds of weaning food taken) showed no significant difference among 5 feeding groups but CIF-and C2F group's scores tended to be high. Consequently, these results suggest that BF group's solid intake pattern is more desirable and that Korean lactating Mother's dependence on commercial weaning food is too high.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.431-438
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• 1996

The dietary intake of nutritional elements by Koreans as determined by the Ministry of Health and Welfare's National Nutrition Survey have been reported for $1969{\sim}1993$. But these data were based on not dish but food. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare dish sources of energy and macronutrients (carbohydrate, fat, protein) in the diets of three area (large city, small city and rural). Dish sources were evaluated from two-day record obtained in the secondary analysis of the 1993 Korean National Nutrition Survey. The result, large city and small city had higher fat and protein intake than did rural. Otherwise, carbohydrate intake among rural was higher than those among large and small city (p<0.05). The primary dish source of energy and macronutrients was cooked rice for all area. The percentage of cooked rice in daily carbohydrate intake was 52.64% for nationwide, 48.40% for large city, 50.52% for small city, 61.79% for rural. The cumulative percent of top 10 dish sources to carbohydrate for large city, small city, rural were 78.02%, 81.16%, 85.69%, respectively. These was higher than cumulative percent of other macronutrients. The milk as good protein source ranked 3 for large city, 6 for small city, 22 for rural. The major dish sources to fat were cooked rice and pork that prepared by various cooking way. These results show that the major dish sources of energy and macronutrients were cooked rice based of Korea traditional consumption pattern. The most of nutrient intake consumed some dishes for all area. The dish consumption pattern was generally similar between large and small city. But rural was different from other area. Threfore, nutrition educations and interventions should be targeted to each area and should be attended with studies that comparision of dish sources to nutritional elements by specific age-sex groups.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.297-304
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between antioxidant food intake pattern and asthma control status in Korean adolescents. This study was conducted using data from 1,578 patients diagnosed with asthma among the participants in the 11th online health behavior survey. Statistical analyses were performed for sociodemographic variables, known risk factors for asthma worsening, and all variables which were related to food intake pattern. For final decision, logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the associations between antioxidant food intake and asthma worsening. Male gender and smoking experiences were associated with asthma exacerbation. Low intake of antioxidant foods status also significantly increased asthma exacerbations. Antioxidant food intake and smoking prevention education is important for adolescent asthma patients. It is highly needed to recommend taking fruits and vegetables properly.