• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.176-176
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• 2019

Thailand had issued a national strategic development master plan with issues related to water resources and water security in the entire water management. Water resources are an important factor of living and development of the country's socio-economy to be stable, prosperous and sustainable. Therefore, water management in both multidimensional and multi-sectoral systems is important and will supports socio-economic and environmental development. The direction of national development in accordance with the national strategic framework for 20 years that requires the country to level up security level in terms of water, energy and food. To response to the proposed goals, there is a subplan to increase water productivity of the entire water system for economical development use by evaluating use value and to create more value added from water use to meet international standard level. This study aims to evaluate the water productivity of Thailand in each basin and all sectors such as agricultural sector, service and industrial sectors by using the water use data from water account analysis and GDP data from NESDB during the past 10 years (1996-2015). The comparison of water productivity with other countries will also be conducted and in addition, the measures to improve water productivity in next 20 years will be explored to response to the National Strategic Master Plan goals. Water productivity is defined as output per unit of water depleted. The simplest way to compare water productivity across different enterprises is in monetary terms. World Bank presents water productivity as an indication of the efficiency by which each country uses its water resources. There are two data sets used for water productivity analyses, i.e., the first is water use data at end users and the second is Gross Domestic Product. The water use at end users are estimated by water account method based on the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for Water (SEEA-Water) concept of United Nations. The water account shows the analyses of the water balance between the use and supply of each water resource in physical terms. The water supply and use linkage in the water account analyses separated into each phases, i.e., water sources, water managers, water service providers, water user at end user under water regulators of all kinds of water use activities such as household, industrial, agricultural, tourism, hydropower, and ecological conservation uses. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP), a well- known measuring method of the national economic growth is not actually a comprehensive approach to describe all aspects of national economic status, since GDP does not take into account the costs of the negative impacts to natural resources that result from the overexploitation of development projects, however, at present, integrating the environment with the economy of a country to measure its economic growth with GDP is acceptable worldwide. The study results will show the water use at each basin, use types at end users, water productivity in each sector from 1996-2015 compared with other countries, Besides the productivity improvement measures will be explored and proposed for the National Strategic Master Plan.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.213-222
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• 2009

In order to investigate contamination of heavy metal in seawater and cultured oyster, samples were collected November 2003 to July 2004 from 12 sites (13 sites for seawater) along the coast of Tongyeong, Korea. The mean concentrations of metal in oyster tissues were as follows: 0.09 (0.01-0.3) ${\mu}g/l$ for Cd, 0.47 (0.01-1.4) ${\mu}g/l$ for Cr, 0.59 (0.2-2.3) ${\mu}g/l$ for Ni, 1.02 (0.1-4.2) ${\mu}g/l$ for Pb and 0.48 (0.01-3.9) ${\mu}g/l$ for Hg in the seawater, whereas 2.45 (0-5.47) mg/kgDW for Cd, 3.63 (0.10-12.91) mg/kgDW for Cr, 3.2 (0.01-15.73) mg/kgDW for Ni, 3.51 (0.01-6.47) mg/kgDW for Pb and 0.39 (0.004-0.74) mg/kgDW for Hg, respectively. Most metal concentration values were below the permissible range for the related regulations. Mean bioconcentration factors (BCF) for each metal were as follows: 38,964 (1,771-207, 171) for Cd, 9,583 (1,231-80, 162) for Cr, 191 (3-20, 980) for Ni, 1,416 (245-5, 207) for Pb and 180 (5-716) for Hg, respectively. The BCF values from this study corresponded to the transitional phase from the pristine to the contaminated waters. Notably, Cd showed the highest BCF, which suggest that the Pacific oyster could be utilized as a useful biomarker for Cd contamination in sea water. The multidimensional scaling analysis suggested that the metal contaminants are mainly originated from combustion of fossil fuel and accumulated to oyster through food web.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.421-427
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• 2015

Angelica gigas Nakai is one of the most widely used herbal medicines and is known to have many pharmaceutical effects including an anti-oxidant, anti-cancer etc. This study was carried out to investigate an effect of fertilization on leaf yield, production of dry-matter and accumulation of pyranocurmarine compounds such as decursin (DE) and decursinol angelate (DA) in Angelica gigas Nakai. Effect of fertilization was determined from response surface regression equation composing of 2 by 3 factorial arrangement of urea, sodium dihydrogen phosphate and potassium chloride. Yield of leaf in Angelica gigas Nakai significantly increased until 100 days after transplanting. Production of leaf also tended to increase with increasing nitrogen fertilization. Model of regression equation showed that leaf production depended upon nitrogen ($Pr>{\mid}t{\mid}$ : 0.087, 0.256 and 0.079). Also, statistical results between nitrogen application level and production of dry-matter showed significant relationship (p<0.05) and contents of dry-matter was highest in 10 kg 10a-1 treatment on 24 Sep. Active compound isolated and purified from leaf and root of Angelica gigas Nakai was identified as DE and DA by gas chromatograph-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). Concentration of DA as prevalent compound in leaf was highest on 20 Aug. but decreased on 24 Sep. Amount of DE and DA accumulated in Angelica gigas Nakai significantly increased with growth stages and nitrogen level. The result of our investigation imply that nitrogen fertilization is important factor for production of leaf and accumulation of pyranocurmarine in Angelica gigas Nakai as a medicinal/food materials.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.179-193
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• 2021

As pets such as dogs and cats have been accepted as family members and companions, calling them companion animals has become more and more common. As the trend of identifying companion animals with humans and treating them as members of a family is spreading, people are more concerned about food, health, and leisure for companion animals, searching for expensive products, and accelerating the growth of related businesses. This study collected data by conducting an online questionnaire targeting customers who visited online companion animal shopping malls. Data collected only for people who have purchased companion animals at least once in online shopping malls for companion animals were used for empirical analysis. Questionnaires from 205 people were collected, but a total of 198 copies were used for the analysis, excluding the questionnaire that gave an insincere response. The results are as follows. First, through exploratory factor analysis, it was confirmed that the service quality factors of the online shopping mall for companion animals consisted of four dimensions: communication-transaction, safe security, design, and information provision. Second, it was found that communication-transactions, information provision, design, and safe security, which are the service quality factors for companion animal online shopping malls, all have a significant positive (+) effect on customer satisfaction. Third, it was confirmed that customer satisfaction in online shopping malls for companion animals had a significant positive (+) effect on loyalty. Fourth, in the relationships between service quality factors (communication transaction, safety security, design, information provision) and loyalty of companion animal online shopping mall, it was confirmed that customer satisfaction has complete mediating effects.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.960-968
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• 2021

Since microalgae research started on late 18 century, they have been recognized as one of the most important bioresources used in bioindustry. Owing to the large efforts paid to industrial application of this microorganisms, their importance on food/feed and bioactive compounds has been further extending into the environmental research areas including alternative energy resources, mitigation of the carbon emission, and waste-water treatment. However, despite the importance on their industrial application, the fundamental research field related to the long-term preservation of microalgae culture has not received much attention. However, a less labor intensive and cost-efficient preservation technology enabling biologically active and stable microalgae-culture provides a key success factor in the biotechnological application. Therefore, this study investigated various cutting-edge microalgae cryopreservation technologies currently developed so far, mainly targeting Chlorophyta, which occupies the largest taxon in the classification system of microalgae. In addition, for the development of successful cryopreservation technique, the key factors such as temperature control effect and preservative effect during cryopreservation of microalgae culture were investigated. In addition, the problems with current preservation technology that is being used in Korean domestic biological resource banks and the international microalgal resource banks are described. According to our investigation, currently no standard method for long-term preservation of microalgae is available due to their various morphological and physiological characteristics. To overcome such issues, much more efforts on fundamental research area on the identification of specific biomarker used for microalgae taxonomical classification and further systemic approaches based on strain-specific cryopreservation methods needed.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.686-702
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Schisandrae Fructus, the fruit of Schisandra chinensis Baill., has traditionally been used as a medicinal herb for the treatment of various diseases, and has proven its various pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of Schisandrae Fructus ethanol extract (SF) on inflammatory and oxidative stress in particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. MATERIALS/METHODS: To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of SF in PM2.5-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, the levels of pro-inflammatory mediator such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the effect of SF, the expression of genes involved in the generation of inflammatory factors was also investigated. We further evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy of SF against PM2.5 in the zebrafish model. RESULTS: The results indicated that SF treatment significantly inhibited the PM2.5-induced release of NO and PGE₂, which was associated with decreased inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. SF also attenuated the PM2.5-induced expression of IL-6 and IL-1β, reducing their extracellular secretion. Moreover, SF suppressed the PM2.5-mediated translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) from the cytosol into nuclei and the degradation of inhibitor IκB-α, indicating that SF exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, SF abolished PM2.5-induced generation of ROS, similar to the pretreatment of a ROS scavenger, but not by an inhibitor of NF-κB activity. Furthermore, SF showed strong protective effects against NO and ROS production in PM2.5-treated zebrafish larvae. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that SF exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects against PM2.5 through ROS-dependent down-regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway, and that SF can be a potential functional substance to prevent PM2.5-mediated inflammatory and oxidative damage.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.295-302
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of adolescent health behavior on obesity using an online health behavior survey. The subjects of this study were 12,090 middle school students and 14,248 high school students among 26,338 Korean youths that responded to an online survey of youth health behaviors in 2018 (14th). There were significant differences in lifestyle, mental factors, exercise habits, and sitting habits as health behavior factors. The risk of obesity was higher in smokers (p<0.001), drinkers (p<0.001), those who ate breakfast less than four times a week (p<0.001), those who consumed fruit less than four times a week (p<0.001) and those who ate fast food less than two times a week (p<0.001). The obesity rate was higher in people with high-stress (p<0.05). Exercise habit as a factor was higher in the obesity rate than in physical activity by three times as much (p<0.001), whereas students categorized as muscular (p<0.01) had one to two times more physical activity (p<0.001). Students who had less than six hours of learning purpose were found to have higher obesity rates than those with more than six hours of learning purpose (p<0.001). In conclusion, the obesity rate did not increase with prolonged sitting habits, but did increase with longer sitting time except for those who studied purpose folly. Therefore, it is necessary to have a set time for internet use, as well as to educate schools about proper lifestyle, and to promote healthy exercise habits.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.129-140
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• 2019

The purpose of our study is to confirm the usefulness of our new youth entrepreneurship program. In this study, I suggest design thinking as a new Youth entrepreneurship program which is consist of 9 dimensions: opportunity discovery, opportunity utilization, creativity capacity, career preparation behavior, entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial intention, self-preservation, social problem solving, and educational program objectives. To verify this new program, I conduct a pilot test in middle school and high school; the sample target is randomly selected one class in each school. My main finding is two. First, our new program successfully improves Youth entrepreneurship. Particularly, the improvement of opportunity utilization and entrepreneurial intention are prominent. As reasons, studies about food industry entrepreneurship is an unfamiliar subject for adolescent. Considering that entrepreneurial intention rapidly changes after the experience of entrepreneurial education, researchers need to focus on this variable. Second, I confirm the effects of gender, motivation, prior experience, interest oneself and other's recommendation about the entrepreneurship program. As a result, gender and prior experience do not have an important influence. On the other hand, voluntary interest and other's recommendation are influential. The most important factor is the influence of a teacher. Therefore, researchers need to examine the more specific mechanism of each dimension in the future.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.216-223
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate factors affecting the assessment of objective and subjective masticatory ability in the elderly, and to evaluate masticatory ability assessment more accurately. Methods: A total of 112 participants were recruited after oral examination in senior citizen welfare facilities. The participants' masticatory ability was evaluated objectively (Mixing ability index; MAI), and subjectively (Key food intake ability; KFIA). Participants' general characteristics and oral health-related variables were also recorded. Based on masticatory ability assessment, participants were classified as either high or low. IBM SPSS Statistics Ver.23.0 was used for all analyses, including descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman rank correlation, and Logistic regression analysis. Results: Higher masticatory ability was positively correlated with higher scores on MAI and KFIA. Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation between MAI and KFIA. When analyzing factors affecting objective and subjective masticatory ability assessments, Functional tooth units (FTUs) were revealed as a related factor. In subjective masticatory ability assessment, oral moisture, difficulty in chewing, and the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) were also influential factors. Conclusions: In order to accurately assess masticatory ability, it is necessary to use both objective and subjective measures. Additionally, to improve the masticatory ability in the elderly, treatment should be provided to improve overall oral health and satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.208-216
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigated the biological activities such as cytotoxic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory using Mentha arvensis L. extracts. Mentha arvensis L. was prepared by extracting with DW and 80% ethanol, after cell viability was assessed by MTT assay using RAW 264.7 cells. Antioxidant activities, and Anti-inflammatory activities measured through changes in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), leukotrien B4 (LTB4), and anti- or in-flammatory cytokines($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, and IL-10) on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. All test measured by ELISA reader and Luminex. Mentha arvensis L. was no cytotoxic in water and 80% ethanol extracts, and Concentration of 100 ug/ml of 80% ethanol extract was suppressed the productions of ROS in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Also, Productions of NO, LTB4, inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines showed efficacy change that dose-independent of all extracts. In other words, Mentha arvensis L. showed significant biological activities showing anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant. These results may be developed as a raw material for new health food and therapeutics to ease the symptoms mentioned above.